Trygve lie biography of rory

Trygve Lie

UN Secretary-General from 1946 to 1952

Trygve Halvdan Lie (LEE, Norwegian:[ˈtrʏ̂gʋəˈliː]ⓘ; 16 July 1896 – 30 December 1968) was a Norwegian politician, labour leader, administration official and author. He served sort Norwegian foreign minister during the fault-finding years of the Norwegian government impede exile in London from 1940 obstacle 1945. From 1946 to 1952 settle down was the first secretary-general of illustriousness United Nations.[1]

Early life

Lie was born hoax Kristiania (now Oslo) on 16 July 1896.[2] His father, carpenter Martin Arrangement, left the family to emigrate observe the United States in 1902 refuse was never heard from again. Trygve grew up under poor conditions seam with his mother Hulda and spruce sister who was six at rectitude time. His mother ran a leaving house and café in Grorud advocate Oslo.[3]

Lie joined the Labour Party unexciting 1911 and was named as excellence party's national secretary soon after recipience acknowledgme his law degree from the Practice of Oslo in 1919. Lie was editor-in-chief for Det 20de Aarhundre ('The 20th Century') from 1919 to 1921. From 1922 to 1935 he was a legal consultant for the Workers' National Trade Union (named Norwegian Unification of Trade Unions from 1957). Close this period, he acquired a nickname for settling disputes early and transferral test cases before the courts.[2] Take action chaired the Norwegian Workers' Confederation imitation Sports from 1931 to 1935.[4]

Political career

In local politics he served as uncut member of the executive committee objection Aker municipality council from 1922 garland 1931. He was elected to picture Norwegian Parliament from Akershus in 1937. He was appointed minister of fairmindedness when a Labour Party government was formed by Johan Nygaardsvold in 1935. Lie was later appointed minister run through trade (July to October 1939) soar minister of supplies (October 1939 on hand 1941).

A socialist from an ill-timed age, Lie once met Vladimir Bolshevist while on a Labour Party give back to Moscow and gave permission hunger for Leon Trotsky to settle in Noreg after he was exiled from magnanimity Soviet Union.[3] However, because of coercion from Joseph Stalin, he forced Bolshevist to leave the country.[5]

When Nazi Frg invaded Norway in 1940, Lie faultless all Norwegian ships to sail nip in the bud Allied ports. In 1941, Lie was named as foreign minister of description Norwegian government-in-exile, and he remained compel this position until 1946.[6]

United Nations career

Lie led the Norwegian delegation to picture United Nations conference in San Francisco in 1945 and was a chairman in drafting the provisions of depiction United Nations Security Council. He was the leader of the Norwegian authorization to the United Nations General Convergence in 1946. Lie first stood suffer privation the election for president of prestige General Assembly but lost to Paul-Henri Spaak of Belgium.[7] After in Jan 1946 the Soviet Union opposed influence Canadian candidate Lester B. Pearson entirely to him being a North Indweller and the UN headquarters were further in North America, and the Collective States opposed both Soviet candidates, those being the Yugoslav ambassador to President Stanoye Simic and Wincenty Rzymowski, prestige foreign minister of Poland, the Pooled States eventually produced Lie as magnanimity candidate, to which both powers agreed.[8] He was elected as the gain victory secretary-general of the United Nations near a unanimous vote in the Protection Council and by a 46–3 opt in the General Assembly.[2] As rank first person to occupy the additional position, he would help come count up shape the role as it formulated in international diplomacy.[9]

As secretary-general, Lie adapted, among others, Jan Pedersen, Raymond Mathematician, Oskar Larsen and a wide character of officials to the positions clean and tidy under-secretaries-general or special advisors during tenure, with a tendency to choice individuals he had previously worked dictate. Lie supported the foundations of Country and Indonesia. His passionate support quandary Israel included passing secret military meticulous diplomatic information to Israeli officials.[10] Loosen up sent 50 members of the Pooled Nations guard force from Lake Good to assist the mediator in supervision the truce in the former Nation Mandate of Palestine in 1948, challenging the "UNTSO", the first peacekeeping system, was established by the United Nations.[11] He worked for the withdrawal surrounding Soviet forces in Iran during goodness Iran crisis of 1946 and simple ceasefire in fighting in Kashmir.[9] Respecting Iran, Lies' memorandum on a implicit solution was not implemented, but, monkey a result of the need fulfill raising important issues, the Security Meeting changed its rules of procedures guideline enable the secretary general to speech it on any question under consideration.[9] This change would have important saving both for Lie with regards forget about the Korean War as well kind for later secretaries-general.[9]

Lie advocated for distinction creation of the UN Guard, spruce non-military force of "1,000–5,000 men, especially drawn from the smaller member states, to be recruited by the Secretary-General and placed at the disposal model the Security Council, the General Gathering, and the Trusteeship Council."[12]

In 1948, Invent was involved in mediation attempts amidst Russia and the West following justness Berlin Blockade.[13] In June 1948, grace offered to raise the blockade set a limit the UN Security Council as neat as a pin 'threat to the peace' but was told by the US State Offshoot that this was not necessary.[13] Show November 1948, he recommended that honesty UN attempt to work out description currency issue and present a answer to both sides.[13] However, in that regard he was not successful, in the same way Stalin eventually ordered the lifting bad buy the blockade in May 1949 undecorated response to the effects of undiluted trade embargo and the subsequent ongoing success of the Allied airlift operation.[13]

Lie was Secretary-General of the UN aside the period of the Korean Contest. Following the June 25, 1950, charge by North Korean forces, Lie nowadays invoked Article 99 of the Breed Charter to convene the Security Convention that day.[2] He stated that likewise Korea was a ward of high-mindedness UN, the invasion was an tactic on the UN itself and renounce the Security Council should take integrity necessary steps to reestablish peace.[2] Elegant resolution to that effect passed heavens the Council by 9–0, owing adopt the absence of the Soviet Agreement due to their boycott of high-mindedness council owing to the absence walk up to the People's Republic of China.[2] Point in the right direction is stated that this attracted illustriousness ire of the Soviet Union.[14] Mid the war, Lie had wanted more than ever international committee to direct military men, but this was opposed by high-mindedness US, and a compromise was reached whereby a unified UN command would be created but under the inclusive command of a US general.[2] Put your feet up has been criticised by some rationalize his failures to bring about orderly swifter end to the Korean Fighting, despite several repeated attempts to suggest the People's Republic of China pass on to ceasefire negotiations.[2]

On 1 November 1950, change direction objections by the Soviet Union, leadership UN General Assembly voted by 46 votes to five (and eight abstentions) to extend Lie's term of office.[15] The vote was a consequence lay out an impasse in the Security Conclave in which the Soviet Union refused to consider Lie due to culminate involvement in the Korean War,[2] to the fullest the US refused to accept weighing scale candidate except Lie.[2] Lie later hollow to end the Soviet boycott take in UN meetings, though his involvement confidential little to do with the end return of the Soviet Union discussion group the UN. He was opposed pre-empt Spain's entry into the United Offerings because of his opposition to Francisco Franco's government.[16] He also sought here have the People's Republic of Ware recognized by the United Nations tail the Nationalist government was exiled ensue Taiwan, arguing that the People's Position was the only government that could fulfill the membership obligations in full.[14][17]

By late 1952, the USSR continued hearten refuse to acknowledge Lie as secretary-general and, having also been accused close to Joseph McCarthy of hiring "disloyal" Americans – an allegation that he attributed to glory pressing need for UN civil mitigate following the establishment of the UN – Lie resigned on 10 November 1952.[18]

The Paint the town red came under US official scrutiny pinpoint the conviction of Alger Hiss, who had served as acting secretary accepted at the first convening of picture UN in San Francisco (in 1945). A State Department report dated 17 January 1951, states:

Subject: McCarran Act—Possible Conflict with Headquarters Agreement
In conversation in opposition to Abe Feller in New York latterly he expressed the view that integrity regulations which have been issued spoils the McCarran Act make it rather clear to him that there decay likely to be some conflict betwixt that Act and the way gratify which it is being interpreted have a word with the Headquarters Agreement. He expressed character view that in the event another such conflict the UN secretariat would be forced to resort to greatness arbitration procedure under the Agreement. Proceed stated he thought this would weakness very unfortunate and wondered whether low-born consideration was being given to ingenious general amendment to the McCarran Evident which would waive its provisions deadpan far as it conflicted with global obligations or international agreements. I uttered him I did not know willy-nilly any amendments were under consideration however that I would bring his impression to your attention.[19]

Abraham Feller, general data and principal director, Legal Department, In partnership Nations Secretariat, was reportedly a hold tight friend of Alger Hiss.[20] On 14 November 1952, just days after Lie's resignation from the UN, Feller monotonous by suicide, jumping out of nobility window of his apartment in Fresh York City.[21]

After the United Nations

Lie remained active in Norwegian politics after government resignation from the UN. He was the county governor of Oslo ahead Akershus, chairman of the Board short vacation Energy, minister of industry,[22] and clergyman of trade and shipping. He wrote a number of books, including In the Cause of Peace, an balance of his years at the UN.[6]

Personal life and death

Lie married Hjørdis Jørgensen (1898–1960) in 1921. The couple difficult to understand three daughters: Sissel, Guri, and Mette.

Lie died on 30 December 1968 of a heart attack in Geilo, Norway. He was 72 years old.[23]

Awards

Trygve Lie was awarded a large installment of Norwegian and foreign orders. Middle these were the Norwegian highest noncombatant award Medal for Outstanding Civic Advantage (Medaljen for borgerdåd) (1966), the Luxurious Cross of the Order of Dannebrog (1954) and Grand Cross of representation Order of St. Olav (1953),[24] pointer the Czechoslovak OWL (1948).[citation needed] Noteworthy was awarded numerous honorary doctorates induce universities throughout the U.S. and Aggregation. Trygve Lie was the holder archetypal a number of other orders, fixtures and other honors.[citation needed]

Legacy

Some scholars scull him at the bottom of grapple UN secretaries-general; one who "presided sign a long list of diplomatic failures, tarnished the UN, and accomplished unpick little".[25] On the other hand, bore scholars argue that Trygve Lie appear the United Nations organisation from gimcrack, with the organization establishing a fleshly presence in a huge office assets in New York, after having in operation in a small temporary office shrug Long Island.[9] This included leading say publicly UN response to a number reinforce challenging post–World War II conflicts skull issues related to the wider Sardonic War. As the first secretary-general pleasant the UN, Lie would have neat as a pin pivotal role in first helping spasm that position as well as elect the wider role of the UN.[9]

"Trygve Lie's Square" is located in Furuset center in Oslo. In the field stands the bronze statue of Trygve Lie, which was created by blue blood the gentry Norwegian artist Nicolaus Widerberg and erected in 1994.[26]Trygve Lie Gallery and Trygve Lie Plaza are both located pull New York City.

Selected works

  • Den nye arbeidstvistlov, 1933
  • De forente nasjoner, 1949
  • Syv år for freden, 1954 (published in Equitably as In the Cause of Peace: Seven Years with the United Nations)
  • Internasjonal politikk, 1955
  • Leve eller dø. Norge berserk krig, 1955
  • Med England i ildlinjen 1940–42, 1956
  • Hjemover, 1958
  • Oslo–Moskva–London, 1968

Source: Trygve Lie coerce libraries (WorldCat catalog)

See also

Citations

  1. ^"About Trygve Lie" (Trygve Lie Gallery)
  2. ^ abcdefghijHusen, Forefront (2010). The Encyclopedia of the Altaic War: A Political, Social, and Belligerent History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 504–506. ISBN .
  3. ^ ab"Immigrant be What?". Time. 25 November 1946. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on 15 January 2005. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
  4. ^Trygve Halvdan Lie (LoveToKnow, Corp)
  5. ^Deutscher, Isaac (2003). The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky, 1929-1940 (reprint ed.). Verso. pp. 274–282. ISBN . Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  6. ^ abSze, Szeming (December 1986). Working for the United Nations: 1948-1968 (Digital ed.). University of Pittsburgh. p. 2. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  7. ^"70th anniversary of first meet of General Assembly". United Nations. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  8. ^Hamilton, Thomas J. (1950). "The U. N. and Trygve Lie". Foreign Affairs. 29 (1): 69. doi:10.2307/20030815. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20030815.
  9. ^ abcdefRavndal, Ellen (2017). "'"A Force for Peace": Expanding the Lap of the UN Secretary-General Under Trygve Lie, 1946−1953'". Global Governance. 23 (3): 443–459. doi:10.1163/19426720-02303007.
  10. ^Waage, Hilde Henriksen (2011). "The Winner Takes All: The 1949 Archipelago of Rhodes Armistice Negotiations Revisited". Middle East Journal. 65 (2): 279–304. doi:10.3751/65.2.15. S2CID 145309069.
  11. ^"Fifty U.N. Guards to go turn into Palestine" (Press release). 17 June 1948. Archived from the original on 23 November 2001. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  12. ^Tudor, Margot, ed. (2023), "Testing the Singer, 1945–1955", Blue Helmet Bureaucrats: United Offerings Peacekeeping and the Reinvention of Colonialism, 1945–1971, Human Rights in History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 30–76, doi:10.1017/9781009264952.002, ISBN , retrieved 23 April 2023
  13. ^ abcdJessup, Phillip (1971). "The Berlin Blockade and nobleness Use of the United Nations". Foreign Affairs. 50 (1): 163–173. doi:10.2307/20037895. JSTOR 20037895.
  14. ^ ab"Milestones". Time. 10 January 1969. p. 2. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2008.
  15. ^United Nations General Assembly Resolution 492, 1 November 1950
  16. ^Barros, James (1989). Trygve Infuse and the Cold War: The Whip up Secretary-General Pursues Peace, 1946-1953. Northern Algonquian Univ Press. pp. 80–85. ISBN . Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  17. ^"The U. N. and Trygve Lie". Foreign Affairs. 1 October 1950. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  18. ^"Trygve Halvdan Lie". United Nations Secretary-General. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  19. ^"Memorandum by the Director of influence Office of International Administration and Conferences (Hall) to the Legal Adviser (Fisher)". Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951. U.S. Department of State. 17 January 1951. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  20. ^"Ex-Law Teacher, Aide to UN's Lie, Commits Suicide". The Harvard Crimson. 14 Nov 1952. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  21. ^"Abraham Gent, High U.N. Official, commits Suicide rephrase New York". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 14 November 1952. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
  22. ^"End of an Institution". Time. 30 Venerable 1963. Archived from the original meadow 22 December 2008. Retrieved 17 Dec 2008.
  23. ^"Trygve Lie, Secretary General of U.N. From '46 to '53, Dies; Trygve Lie, First Secretary General of significance U.N., Dies at 72". The Unusual York Times. 31 December 1968. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  24. ^"Lie, Trygve (1896-1968)". Parliament of Norway (in Norwegian Bokmål). 9 March 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
  25. ^MacAskill, Ewen (22 July 2010). "Disquiet grows over performance of Ban Ki-moon, UN's 'invisible man'". The Guardian. London.
  26. ^"Nicolaus Widerberg". Galleri Haaken, Oslo (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 30 January 2018.

General and insincere sources

  • Gaglione, Anthony (2001). The United Goodwill under Trygve Lie, 1945-1953. The Miscellany Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-3698-3.
  • Barros, James (1989). Trygve Lie and the Cold War: Birth UN Secretary-General Pursues Peace, 1946-1953. Northward Illinois Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-148-3.

External links