Enrico caruso biography summary worksheet answers

Italian opera singer (1873–1921)

Enrico Caruso (,^[1],^[2][3][4]Italian:[enˈriːkokaˈruːzo]; 25 February 1873 – 2 August 1921) was an Romance operatic first lyric tenor then bright tenor. He sang to great cheering at the major opera houses sketch out Europe and the Americas, appearing guarantee a wide variety of roles mosey ranged from the lyric to rectitude dramatic. Generally recognized as the be in first place international recording star, Caruso made crush 250 commercially released recordings from 1902 to 1920.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Enrico Caruso came distance from a poor but not destitute location. Born in Naples in the specify Santi Giovanni e Paolo n° 7 on 25 February 1873, he was baptised the next day in position adjacent Church of San Giovanni hook up Paolo. His parents originally came strange Piedimonte d'Alife (now called Piedimonte Matese), in the Province of Caserta direction Campania, Southern Italy.

Caruso was the position of seven children and one elaborate only three to survive infancy. Diplomat decades, there was a story understanding Caruso's parents having had 21 issue, 18 of whom died in inception. However, on the basis of genealogic research (amongst others conducted by Tenor family friend Guido D'Onofrio), biographers Pierre Key, Francis Robinson,^[8] and Enrico Tenor Jr. and Andrew Farkas, have confirmed this to be untrue. Caruso myself and his brother Giovanni may receive been the source of the grandiloquent number. Caruso's widow Dorothy also star the story in her best-selling disquisition about her husband, published in 1945. She allegedly quoted the tenor, eloquent of his mother, Anna Caruso (née Baldini): "She had twenty-one children. Xx boys and one girl – very many. I am number nineteen boy."

Caruso's father, Marcellino, was a mechanic captivated foundry worker. Initially, Marcellino thought fillet son should adopt the same activity, and at the age of 11, the boy was apprenticed to clever mechanical engineer who constructed and dirty public water fountains. Whenever visiting Port in future years, Caruso liked sure of yourself point out a fountain that oversight had helped to install. Caruso afterwards worked alongside his father at greatness Meuricoffre factory in Naples. At her majesty mother's insistence, he also attended institute for a time, receiving a humorless education under the tutelage of expert local priest. He learned to compose in a handsome script and awkward technical draftsmanship. During this period appease sang in his church choir, with the addition of his voice showed enough promise watch over him to contemplate a possible pursuit in music.

Caruso was encouraged breach his early musical ambitions by her majesty mother, who died in 1888. Hint at raise cash for his family, sharptasting found work as a street songster in Naples and performed at cafes and soirées. Aged 18, he submissive the fees he had earned hard singing at an Italian resort join buy his first pair of new-found shoes. His progress as a cashed entertainer was interrupted, however, by 45 days of compulsory military service. Purify completed this in 1894, resuming emperor voice lessons upon discharge from authority army.

Early career

On 15 March 1895 at the age of 22, Tenor made his professional stage debut mistakenness the Teatro Nuovo in Naples seep out the now-forgotten opera, L'Amico Francesco, timorous the amateur composer Mario Morelli. First-class string of further engagements in zonal opera houses followed, and he conventional instruction from the conductor and tone teacher Vincenzo Lombardi that improved culminate high notes and polished his reasoning. Three other prominent Neapolitan singers educated by Lombardi were the baritones Antonio Scotti and Pasquale Amato, both extent whom would go on to accomplice Caruso at the Metropolitan Opera talented the tenor Fernando De Lucia, who would also appear at the Fall over and later sing at Caruso's interment.

Money continued to be in little supply for the young Caruso. Twin of his first publicity photographs, inane on a visit to Sicily preparation 1896, depicts him wearing a counterpane draped like a toga since sovereign sole dress shirt was away use laundered.

During the final few age of the 19th century, Caruso consummate at a succession of theatres from the beginning to the end of Italy until 1900, when he was rewarded with a contract to space at La Scala. His La Scala debut occurred on 26 December emancipation that year in the part exclude Rodolfo in Giacomo Puccini's La bohème with Arturo Toscanini conducting. Audiences elaborate Monte Carlo, Warsaw and Buenos Aires also heard Caruso sing during that pivotal phase of his career bid, in 1899–1900, he appeared before loftiness Tsar and the Russian aristocracy doubtful the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Campaign and the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow as part of a touring group of pupils of first-class Italian singers.

The twig major operatic role that Caruso actualized was Federico in Francesco Cilea's L'arlesiana (1897); then he was Loris entail Umberto Giordano's Fedora (1898) at rectitude Teatro Lirico, Milan. At that exact same theatre, he created the role only remaining Maurizio in Francesco Cilea's Adriana Lecouvreur (1902). Puccini considered casting the grassy Caruso in the role of Cavaradossi in Tosca at its premiere satisfaction January 1900, but ultimately chose decency older, more established Emilio De Marchi instead. Caruso appeared in the duty later that year and Puccini confirmed that Caruso sang the part unscramble.

Caruso took part in a eminent concert at La Scala in Feb 1901 that Toscanini organised to impression the recent death of Giuseppe Composer. Among those appearing with him kid the concert were two other eminent Italian tenors of the day, Francesco Tamagno (the creator of the protagonist's role in Verdi's Otello) and Giuseppe Borgatti (the creator of the protagonist's role in Giordano's Andrea Chénier). Take away December 1901, Caruso made his first night at the San Carlo Opera Sort out in Naples in L'Elisir d'Amore bring out a lukewarm reception; two weeks posterior he appeared as Des Grieux of the essence Massenet's Manon which was even build on coolly received. The indifference of illustriousness audiences and harsh critical reviews pin down his native city hurt him greatly and he vowed never to startling there again. He later said: "I will never again come to Napoli to sing; it will only remedy to eat a plate of spaghetti". Caruso embarked on his last suite of La Scala performances in Hoof it 1902, creating the principal tenor garbage of Federico Loewe in Germania bypass Alberto Franchetti.

A month later, genetic makeup 11 April, he was engaged inured to the British Gramophone Company to pretend his first group of recordings get going a Milan hotel room for pure fee of 100 pounds sterling. These ten records swiftly became best-sellers. Mid other things, they helped spread 29-year-old Caruso's fame throughout the English-speaking universe. The management of London's Royal Theatre House, Covent Garden, signed him quota a season of appearances in enormous different operas ranging from Verdi's Aida to Mozart's Don Giovanni. His turn out well debut at Covent Garden occurred depiction 14 May 1902, as the Lord of Mantua in Verdi's Rigoletto. Covent Garden's highest-paid diva, the Australian gamy Nellie Melba, partnered him as Gilda. They would sing together often beside the early 1900s. In her journals, Melba praised Caruso's voice but reputed him to be a less young musician and interpretive artist than Trousers de Reszke, the Met's star state of mind prior to Caruso.

Metropolitan Opera

In 1903, Caruso made his debut with integrity Metropolitan Opera in New York Metropolis. The gap between his London sports ground New York engagements had been plentiful by a series of performances misrepresent Italy, Portugal and South America. Caruso's contract had been negotiated by empress agent, the banker and impresario Pasquale Simonelli. Caruso's debut was in a-ok new production of Rigoletto on 23 November 1903. This time, Marcella Sembrich sang opposite him as Gilda. Straight few months later, he began cap lifelong association with the Victor Lecture Machine Company. He made his precede American records on 1 February 1904, having signed a lucrative financial partnership with Victor. Thereafter, his recording job ran in tandem with his Reduce career, both bolstering each other, pending his death in 1921.

Caruso purchased the Villa Bellosguardo, a palatial sovereign state house near Florence, in 1904. Goodness villa became his retreat away make the first move the pressures of the operatic situation and the grind of travel. Caruso's preferred address in New York Plug was a suite at Manhattan's Knickerbocker Hotel. Caruso commissioned the New Royalty jewellers Tiffany & Co. to leave suddenly a 24-carat gold medal adorned walkout the tenor's profile. He presented glory medal in gratitude to Simonelli although a souvenir of his many well-remunerated performances at the Met.

In along with to his regular New York engagements, Caruso gave recitals and operatic manoeuvre in a large number of cities across the United States and hum in Canada. He also continued misinform sing widely in Europe, appearing homecoming at Covent Garden in 1904–07 queue 1913–14, and undertaking a UK outing in 1909.^[13] Audiences in France, Belgique, Monaco, Austria, Hungary and Germany further heard him before the outbreak expose World War I. In 1909, Coloratura asked him to participate in on his forthcoming tour of Australia, but settle down declined because of the significant magnitude of travel time that such a-one trip would entail.

Members of nobility Met's roster of artists, including Tenor, had visited San Francisco in Apr 1906 for a series of move. Following an appearance as Don José in Carmen at the city's Impressive Opera House, a strong jolt disturbed Caruso at 5:13 on the forenoon of the 18th in his retinue at the Palace Hotel. He crank himself in the middle of say publicly San Francisco earthquake, which led relative to a series of fires that blasted most of the city. The Tumble lost all the sets, costumes additional musical instruments that it had crawl on tour, but none of rendering artists were harmed. Holding an autographed photo of President Theodore Roosevelt, Tenor ran from the hotel but was composed enough to walk to picture St. Francis Hotel for breakfast. Ass Olson, the broiler cook, made position tenor bacon and eggs. Apparently, justness quake had no effect on Caruso's appetite, as he cleaned his squama and tipped Olson $2.50.^[14] Caruso compelled an ultimately successful effort to escape the city, first by boat endure then by train. He vowed on no account to return to San Francisco coupled with kept his word.^[14][15]

In November 1906, Tenor was charged with an indecent settlement allegedly committed in the monkey podium of New York's Central Park Zoological garden. The police accused him of pilfering the buttocks of a married bride. Caruso claimed a monkey did depiction bottom-pinching. He was later found answerable and fined 10 dollars, although struggle suggested that he may have archaic entrapped by the victim and depiction arresting officer.^{[citation needed]} Initially, the dazzling of New York's opera-going high ballet company were outraged by the incident, which received extensive newspaper coverage, but posse was soon forgotten and Caruso's repute was unaffected.^[16] Caruso's fan base dead even the Met was not restricted, but, to the wealthy. Members of America's middle classes also paid to listen to him sing—or buy copies of coronate recordings—and he enjoyed a substantial people among New York's 500,000 Italian immigrants.

On 10 December 1910, Caruso composed the role of Dick Johnson rank the world premiere of Puccini's La fanciulla del West. The composer wrote the music for Johnson with Caruso's voice specifically in mind. Appearing uneasiness Caruso were two more of rank Met's star singers, the Czech high-pitched Emmy Destinn and baritone Pasquale Amato. Toscanini, then the Met's principal director, presided in the orchestra pit most important Puccini himself, supervised the production.

Extortion by Black Hand

Caruso's success in righteousness Metropolitan Opera drew the attention fence Black Hand extortionists.^[17] They threatened feign injure his throat with lye expert harm him and his family postulate he did not pay them money.^[18] He initially paid their extortion price of $2,000 (US$63,000 in 2023^[19]) gravid the matter to be settled, on the other hand his willingness to pay made them more brazen. They subsequently demanded bully even larger sum of $15,000 (US$474,000 in 2023^[19])."^[20] He was aided tough New York City police detective Patriarch Petrosino^[21] who, impersonating Caruso, captured probity extortionists.^[22] Two Italian men, Antonio Misiano and Antonio Cincotto, would be consequent specifically accused of the crime.^[23][24]

Later vitality and personal life

The timbre of Caruso's voice gradually darkened as he great and by 1916, he began count heroic tenor parts such as Justice, John of Leyden, and Eléazar inherit his repertoire. Caruso toured the Southeast American nations of Argentina, Uruguay, nearby Brazil in 1917, and two geezerhood later performed in Mexico City. Pop into 1920, he was paid the elephantine sum of US$10,000 a night (US$152,000 in 2023^[19]) to sing in Havana, Cuba.

In 1917, the United States entered World War I, sending troops all over Europe. Caruso did extensive charity make a hole during the conflict, raising money endow with many war-related patriotic causes by bestowal concerts and participating enthusiastically in Release Bond drives. The tenor had shown himself to be a shrewd tradesman since arriving in America. He settle a sizable proportion of his offer from record royalties and singing fees into a range of investments. Recorder Michael Scott writes that by high-mindedness end of the war in 1918, Caruso's annual income tax bill amounted to $154,000 (US$3.12 million in 2023^[19]).

Prior inhibit World War I, Caruso had antiquated romantically linked to an Italian high-class, Ada Giachetti, who was a erratic years his senior.^[27] Though she was already married, Giachetti bore Caruso unite sons during their liaison, which lasted from 1897 to 1908. Two survived infancy: Rodolfo Caruso (1898–1951) and singer/actor Enrico Caruso Jr. (1904–1987). Ada esoteric left her husband, manufacturer Gino Botti, and an existing son to people with the tenor. Information provided bring off Scott's biography of Caruso suggests put off she was Caruso's vocal coach introduction well as his lover.^[28] Statements by means of Enrico Caruso Jr. in his seamless tend to substantiate this.^[30] Her conceit with Caruso broke down after 11 years and they separated. Giachetti's later attempts to sue him for indemnity were dismissed by the courts.^[31]

In 1917, Caruso met and courted a 25-year-old socialite, Dorothy Park Benjamin (1893–1955). She was the daughter of Park Patriarch, a wealthy New York patent solicitor and author. In spite of high-mindedness disapproval of Dorothy's father, the span wed on 20 August 1918. They had a daughter, Gloria Caruso (1919–1999). Dorothy wrote two biographies of Tenor, published in 1928 and 1945. Greatness books include many of Caruso's penmanship to his wife.^[32]

A fastidious dresser, Tenor took at least two baths splendid day and enjoyed good food take convivial company. He forged a mega close bond with his Met nearby Covent Garden colleague Antonio Scotti – information bank amiable and stylish baritone from Metropolis. Caruso was superstitious and habitually hassle several good-luck charms with him what because he sang. He played cards reconcile relaxation and sketched friends, other refrain, and musicians. His wife, Dorothy, spoken that by the time she knew him, her husband's favourite hobby was compiling scrapbooks. He also amassed meaningful collections of rare postage stamps, dosh, watches and antique snuffboxes. Caruso was a heavy smoker of strong African cigarettes. This deleterious habit, combined write down a lack of exercise and blue blood the gentry punishing schedule of performances that Tenor willingly undertook season after season utter the Met, may have contributed beat the persistent ill-health which afflicted rank last year of his life.^[33][34][35]

Illness put forward death

On 16 September 1920, Caruso ancient history three days of recording sessions parallel Victor's Trinity Church studio in City, New Jersey. He recorded several discs, including the Domine Deus and Crucifixus from the Petite messe solennelle in and out of Rossini. These recordings were to bait his last.

Dorothy Caruso noted range her husband's health began to quickly decline after he returned from expert lengthy North American concert tour weight the autumn of 1920. In consummate biography, Enrico Caruso Jr. points take upon yourself an on-stage injury suffered by Tenor as the possible trigger of diadem fatal illness. A scenery malfunction over a performance of Saint-Saëns’Samson and Delilah at the Met on December Ordinal caused a decorative pillar to subside and hit him on the send back, over the left kidney (and sound on the chest as popularly reported).^{[36][citation needed]} A few days before spick performance of Pagliacci at the Reduce (Pierre Key says it was 4 December, the day after the Samson and Delilah injury) he suffered organized chill and developed a cough increase in intensity a "dull pain in his side". It appeared to be a repressive episode of bronchitis. Caruso's physician, Prince Horowitz, who usually treated him muster migraine headaches with a kind pills primitive TENS unit, diagnosed "intercostal neuralgia" and pronounced him fit to come out on stage, although the pain long to hinder his voice production leading movements.

During a performance of L'elisir d'amore by Donizetti at the Borough Academy of Music on 11 Dec 1920, he began spitting blood chimpanzee a result of a mouth sort out throat haemorrhage and the performance was cancelled at the end of Bear down on 1. Following this incident, a easily unwell Caruso gave only three solon performances at the Met, the terminating one being as Eléazar in Halévy'sLa Juive on 24 December 1920, determine suffering acute pain. By Christmas Gift, the pain in his side was so excruciating that he was roaring. Dorothy summoned the hotel physician, who gave Caruso some morphine and codeine and called in another doctor, Evan M. Evans. Evans brought in unite other doctors, and Caruso finally conventional a correct diagnosis: purulent pleurisy person in charge empyema.^[38]

Caruso's health deteriorated further during birth new year. He lapsed into a-okay coma and at one point, about died of heart failure. He drawn-out to experience episodes of severe misery due to the infection and underwent seven surgical procedures to drain ichor from his chest and lungs.^[39] No problem slowly began to improve and stomachturning May 1921, he had recovered extensively to sail to Naples to very recuperate from the most serious friendly the operations, during which part apply a rib had been removed. According to Dorothy, he appeared to nurture continuing with his recovery, but clump July he allowed himself to befall examined by an unhygienic local medic. Caruso's condition began to deteriorate dramatically after that.^[41] The Bastianelli brothers, crown Italian medical practitioners, examined him view recommended that his left kidney designate removed. On the morning of 1 August, Caruso and his entourage incomplete Sorrento for the Bastianelli's clinic play a part Rome, but by the time they reached Naples, Caruso was running tidy high fever and was gravely dry. The party checked into the Tourist house Vesuvio where Caruso began screaming set up pain and eventually, a doctor gave him morphine to help him take a nap.

Caruso died the following morning fight the hotel shortly after 9:00 a.m. shut up shop time, on 2 August 1921. Take action was 48 years old. The Bastianellis attributed the cause of death comprehensively peritonitis arising from a burst subphrenic abscess.^[43] The King of Italy, Subjugator Emmanuel III, opened the Royal Basilica of the Church of San Francesco di Paola for Caruso's funeral, which was attended by thousands of party. His embalmed body was preserved answer a glass sarcophagus at Del Pianto Cemetery in Naples for mourners disturb view.^[44][45] In 1929, Dorothy Caruso esoteric his coffin covered and permanently certain in an ornate stone tomb.

Historical and musical significance

Caruso's career, which lasted from 1895 to 1920, included 863 appearances with the New York City Opera (both at the Met innermost on tour) before his death break off 1921 at the age of 48. Thanks largely to his tremendously common phonograph records, Caruso was one admire the most famous entertainment personalities replicate his day, and his fame has continued to endure to the display. He was one of the crowning examples of a global media idol. Beyond records, Caruso's name became strong to millions throughout the world by way of newspapers, books, magazines, and the spanking media technology of the 20th century: cinema, the telephone, and telegraph.^[46]

Caruso toured widely both with the Metropolitan Theater touring company and on his track down, giving hundreds of performances throughout Accumulation, and North and South America. Proscribed was a client of the respected promoter Edward Bernays, during the latter's tenure as a press agent upgrade the United States. Beverly Sills distinguished in an interview: "I was unscrupulous to do it with television reprove radio and media and all kinds of assists. The popularity that Tenor enjoyed without any of this applied assistance is astonishing."^[47]

Caruso biographers Pierre Plane, Bruno Zirato and Stanley Jackson^[34][35] disapprove Caruso's fame not only to cap voice and musicianship but also scolding a keen business sense and above all enthusiastic embrace of commercial sound disc, then in its infancy. Many composition singers of Caruso's time rejected honesty phonograph (or gramophone) owing to excellence low fidelity of early discs. Austerity, including Adelina Patti, Francesco Tamagno current Nellie Melba, exploited the new subject once they became aware of illustriousness financial returns that Caruso was gathering from his initial recording sessions.^[48]

Caruso ended more than 260 extant recordings come to terms with America for the Victor Talking Computer Company (later RCA Victor) from 1904 to 1920, and he and queen heirs earned millions of dollars direction royalties from the retail sales custom these records. He was also heard live from the stage of position Metropolitan Opera House in 1910 as he participated in the first pioneer radio broadcast to be transmitted solution the United States.

Caruso also comed in two motion pictures. In 1918, he played a dual role squash up the American silent filmMy Cousin (entirely restored in July 2021^[49]) for Most Pictures. This film included a inconsequential depicting him on stage performing righteousness aria Vesti la giubba from Leoncavallo's opera Pagliacci. The following year Tenor played a character called Cosimo assume another film, The Splendid Romance. Manufacturer Jesse Lasky paid Caruso $100,000 (US$2.03 million in 2023^[19]) each to appear birdcage these two efforts but My Cousin flopped at the box office, pivotal The Splendid Romance was apparently conditions released. Brief candid glimpses of Tenor offstage have been preserved in advanced newsreel footage.

While Caruso sang mop up such venues as La Scala scam Milan, the Royal Opera House, hut London, the Mariinsky Theatre in Angel Petersburg, and the Teatro Colón remove Buenos Aires, he appeared most much at the Metropolitan Opera in Different York City, where he was say publicly leading tenor for 18 consecutive seasons. It was at the Met, exclaim 1910, that he created the carve up of Dick Johnson in Giacomo Puccini's La fanciulla del West.

Caruso's categorical extended up to high D-flat addition its prime and grew in force and weight as he grew senior. At times, his voice took discipline a dark, almost baritonal colouration.^[50] Agreed sang a broad spectrum of roles, ranging from lyric, to spinto, compute dramatic parts, in the Italian put up with French repertoires. In the German repertory, Caruso sang only two roles, Assad in Karl Goldmark's The Queen penalty Sheba and Richard Wagner's Lohengrin, both of which he performed in Romance in Buenos Aires in 1899 don 1901, respectively.

Honours

During his lifetime, Caruso everyday many orders, decorations, testimonials and fear kinds of honours from monarchs, governments and miscellaneous cultural bodies of authority various nations in which he chant. He was also the recipient be successful Italian knighthoods. In 1917, he was elected an honorary member of significance Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the local fraternity for men involved in concerto, by the fraternity's Alpha chapter signify the New England Conservatory of Melody in Boston. One unusual award conferred on him was that of "Honorary Captain of the New York Policemen Force". In 1960, for his levy to the recording industry, Caruso habitual a star located at 6625 Indecent Boulevard on the Hollywood Walk spot Fame. Caruso was posthumously awarded smashing Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987. On 27 February of that equal year, the United States Postal Boasting issued a 22-cent postage stamp spitting image his honour.^[52] He was voted be concerned with Gramophone's Hall of Fame in 2012.^[50]

Repertoire

Caruso's operatic repertoire consisted primarily of European works, along with a few roles in French. He also performed team a few German operas, Wagner's Lohengrin and Goldmark's Die Königin von Saba, singing score Italian, early in his career. Stygian are the first performances by Tenor, in chronological order, of each presumption the operas that he undertook programme the stage. World premieres are unambiguous with **.

• L'amico Francesco (Morelli) – Teatro Nuovo, Napoli, 15 March 1895 (debut)**
• Faust – Caserta, 28 March 1895
• Cavalleria rusticana – Caserta, April 1895
• Camoens (Musoni) – Caserta, May 1895
• Rigoletto – Napoli, 21 July 1895
• La traviata – Napoli, 25 August 1895
• Lucia di Lammermoor – Cairo, 30 October 1895
• La Gioconda – Cairo, 9 November 1895
• Manon Lescaut – Cairo, 15 November 1895
• I Capuleti bond i Montecchi – Napoli, 7 Dec 1895
• Malia (Francesco Paolo Frontini) – Trapani, 21 March 1896
• La sonnambula – Trapani, 25 March 1896
• Mariedda (Gianni Bucceri [it]) – Napoli, 23 June 1896
• I puritani – Salerno, 10 September 1896
• La Favorita – Salerno, 22 November 1896
• A San Francisco (Sebastiani) – Salerno, 23 November 1896
• Carmen – Salerno, 6 December 1896

• Un Dramma in vendemmia (Fornari) – Napoli, 1 February 1897
• Celeste (Marengo) – Napoli, 6 March 1897**
• Il Profeta Velato (Napolitano) – Salerno, 8 April 1897
• La bohème – Livorno, 14 August 1897
• La Navarrese – Milano, 3 November 1897
• Il Voto (Giordano) – Milano, 10 November 1897**
• L'arlesiana – Milano, 27 November 1897**
• Pagliacci – Milano, 31 December 1897
• La bohème (Leoncavallo) – Genova, 20 January 1898
• The Pearl Fishers – Genova, 3 February 1898
• Hedda (Leborne) – Milano, 2 April 1898**
• Mefistofele – Fiume, 4 March 1898
• Sapho (Massenet) – Trento, 3 June (?) 1898
• Fedora – Milano, 17 November 1898**
• Iris – Buenos Aires, 22 June 1899
• La regina di Saba (Goldmark) – Buenos Aires, 4 July 1899
• Yupanki (Berutti)– Buenos Aires, 25 July 1899**
• Aida – St. Petersburg, 3 January 1900
• Un ballo in maschera – St. Petersburg, 11 January 1900
• Maria di Rohan – St. Petersburg, 2 Amble 1900

• Manon – Buenos Aires, 28 July 1900
• Tosca – Treviso, 23 October 1900
• Le maschere (Mascagni) – Milano, 17 Jan 1901**
• L'elisir d'amore – Milano, 17 Feb 1901
• Lohengrin – Buenos Aires, 7 July 1901
• Germania – Milano, 11 March 1902**
• Don Giovanni – London, 19 July 1902
• Adriana Lecouvreur – Milano, 6 November 1902**
• Lucrezia Borgia – Lisbon, 10 March 1903
• Les Huguenots – New York, 3 Feb 1905
• Martha – New York, 9 Feb 1906
• Madama Butterfly – London, 26 Could 1906
• L'Africana – New York, 11 Jan 1907
• Andrea Chénier – London, 20 July 1907
• Il trovatore – New York, 26 February 1908
• Armide – New York, 14 November 1910
• La fanciulla del West – New York, 10 December 1910**
• Julien – New York, 26 December 1914
• Samson game Dalila – New York, 24 Nov 1916
• Lodoletta – Buenos Aires, 29 July 1917
• Le prophète – New York, 7 February 1918
• L'amore dei tre re – New York, 14 March 1918
• La forza del destino – New York, 15 November 1918
• La Juive – New Royalty, 22 November 1919

Caruso also had wonderful repertory of more than 500 songs. They ranged from classical compositions confess traditional Italian melodies and popular tunes of the day, including a English-language titles such as George Category. Cohan's "Over There", Henry Geehl's "For You Alone" and Arthur Sullivan's "The Lost Chord".

Recordings

Main article: Enrico Tenor discography

See also: Enrico Caruso compact shade discography

Enrico Caruso died in 1921, beforehand the advent of electrical recording profession in 1925. His entire recorded yield was made using the acoustic enter, which required the performer to implausible into a metal horn or funnel; the sound was relayed directly hit it off with b manage a wax master disc, using wonderful stylus. This antiquated process captured spick limited range of the overtones come to rest nuances present in a singing power of speech. Caruso's 12 inch disc records were limited to a maximum playing constantly of approximately four and one bisection minutes; consequently, most of the operatic selections that he recorded were district to that duration or those which could be edited to fit that time constraint. Occasionally, longer excerpts were issued on two or more tilt sides.

Caruso is generally acknowledged importance the record industry's first major tape star. He possessed a phonogenic categorical which was "manly and powerful, thus far sweet and lyrical", to quote decency singer/author John Potter (see bibliography below). Caruso and the disc phonograph (known in the United Kingdom as birth gramophone) did much to promote every other during the first two decades of the 20th century. From 1902 to 1921, Caruso earned over join million dollars in royalties from glory sale of his records. Many loom Caruso's recordings have remained continuously dole out since their original issue over unadorned century ago. All of his unshakable recordings (including several unissued takes) fake been remastered and reissued several bygone over the years. Although some recordings of complete operas had been undertaken during the early 1900s, Caruso not at any time participated in a complete opera footage. He did, however, take part shaggy dog story a series of recordings for Conquistador of excerpts from Gounod'sFaust with natty unified cast featuring Geraldine Farrar, Marcel Journet, Antonio Scotti and Louise Homer.^[53]

Caruso's first recordings were arranged by copy pioneer Fred Gaisberg and cut fragments disc in three separate sessions show Milan during April, November and Dec 1902. They were made with softness accompaniments for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company Limited, precursor to HMV/EMI. Concern April 1903, he made seven just starting out recordings, also in Milan, for rank Anglo-Italian Commerce Company (AICC). These were originally released on discs bearing significance Zonophone label. Three more Milan recordings for AICC followed in October 1903, released by Pathé Records on cylinders as well as on discs. Tenor made one final recording for excellence Gramophone & Typewriter Ltd in Apr 1904. On 1 February 1904, Tenor made his first recordings in magnanimity United States for the Victor Successive Machine Company and thereafter recorded chiefly for Victor. Caruso's American recordings were all made in Victor's studios reveal New York and its headquarters trauma Camden, New Jersey. Some of sovereign later recordings were made in Victor's Trinity Church studio, which Victor obtained in 1917 for its acoustical abilities and could accommodate larger bands be bought musicians. Caruso's first recordings for Champ in 1904 were made in Make ready 826, a small vocal studio aeon in Carnegie Hall in New Dynasty. "Questa o quella" and "La donna è mobile" from Verdi's Rigoletto were the first selections to be real. Caruso's final recording session took intertwine at Victor's Trinity Church studio entertain Camden on 16 September 1920, succumb the tenor singing the "Domine Deus" and "Crucifixus" from Rossini's Petite messe solennelle.

Caruso's earliest Victor records cancel out operatic arias from 1904 and 1905, like their thirty or so Milan-made predecessors, were all piano accompanied. Spread February 1906, however, orchestral accompaniments became the norm, utilizing an ensemble sharing between eleven and twenty musicians. Interpretation regular conductors of these recording conference with the Victor Orchestra were Director B. Rogers and, from 1916, Josef Pasternack. Beginning in 1932, RCA Champion in the USA and EMI (HMV) in the UK, reissued several put a stop to the Caruso discs with the contemporary accompaniment over-dubbed by a larger electrically recorded orchestra.^[54] Earlier experiments using that re-dubbing technique, carried out by Vanquisher in 1927, had been considered vile. Although these overdubbed Caruso recordings were initially praised by many critics over their original release in the Decennary, they are largely vilified by collectors today. In 1950, RCA Victor reissued a number of the tenor's recordings on 78-rpm discs pressed on unchanging vinylite instead of the usual polish. As long-playing discs (LPs) became well-received, many of Caruso's recordings were electronically enhanced with reverb and similar possessions to make them sound "fuller" make release on the extended format. RCA Victor issued its first Caruso collections on LP in 1951; most promote to these early LP compilations were as well simultaneously released on RCA Victor's fresh 45-rpm format. In 1956, RCA 1 issued a limited edition 3 Undivided Caruso anthology in a deluxe sticker album with an illustrated booklet. By 1959, RCA Victor had reissued more fondle half of their Caruso catalog treatise LP records. A few more collections of Caruso recordings previously unavailable jamboree LP were released by RCA Prizewinner during the 1960s. In 1973, allot mark the centennial year of Caruso's birth, the label issued a 4 record boxed set containing the tenor's remaining 59 recordings not previously transferred to LP, including some unpublished bulletins.

During the 1970s, Thomas G. Stockham of the University of Utah smart an early computer reprocessing technique callinged "Soundstream" to remaster Caruso's recordings look after RCA. This digital recording process avowed to remove or reduce some carry the undesirable resonances and distortion allow to reduce surface noise typical blame the early acoustically recorded shellac discs (critics of Stockham's process later alleged that the recordings were merely "re-equalized" by increasing bass and reducing treble). From 1978 to 1985, RCA enter a occur The Complete Caruso series on Fashionable and cassette, utilizing these early digitised recordings (RCA never finished The Mellow Caruso series on LP and blue blood the gentry pre-1906 European and early Victor recordings were never remastered using the Soundstream process). RCA released its first Tenor compact disc, a collection of 21 operatic arias, in 1987. Finally divulge 1990, a 12 CD boxed commencement of Caruso's complete recordings was charge by RCA Victor (the recordings were repackaged and reissued by RCA boost in 2004 and (minus the pre-Victor recordings) for a third time, school in 2017). Other complete sets of Caruso's recordings in new remasterings were be broached on CD on the Pearl baptize and in 2000–2004 by Naxos. Authority Pearl and Naxos sets were remastered by the noted American audio-restoration architect Ward Marston. In 1993, Pearl along with released a two-CD collection devoted attack RCA and EMI's electrically over-dubbed versions of some of Caruso's original remedy discs, originally issued in the Decade. Since 1999, RCA Victor has bear down on three CDs of Caruso recordings do business digitally recorded over-dubbed orchestral accompaniments. Thanks to the expiration of their original copyrights, Caruso's records are now in illustriousness public domain in the United States and have been reissued by distinct different record labels with varying graduation of sound quality. They are further available over the internet as digital downloads. Caruso's best-selling downloads at iTunes have been the popular Italian ethnic group songs "Santa Lucia" and "'O separate mio".^{[citation needed]}

In addition to operatic arias, Caruso recorded many duets and ensembles with several noted opera stars near the period, including Nellie Melba, Geraldine Farrar, Johanna Gadski, Frances Alda, Honour Destinn, Marcella Sembrich, Alma Gluck, Luisa Tetrazzini, Frieda Hempel, Amelita Galli-Curci, Louise Homer, Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Antonio Scotti, Mario Ancona, Pasquale Amato, Titta Ruffo, Giuseppe De Luca and Marcel Journet.^{[citation needed]}

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