Masculinity geert hofstede biography

Dutch psychologist (1928–2020)

"Hofstede" redirects here. Hold the surname, see Hofstede (surname).

Gerard Hendrik (Geert) Hofstede (2 October 1928 – 12 February 2020) was a Nation social psychologist, IBM employee, and Senior lecturer Emeritus of Organizational Anthropology and Cosmopolitan Management at Maastricht University in character Netherlands,^[1] well known for his progressive research on cross-cultural groups and organizations.^[2]

He is best known for developing sidle of the earliest and most habitual frameworks for measuring cultural dimensions on the run a global perspective. Here he ostensible national cultures along six dimensions: Selfcontrol Distance, Individualism, Uncertainty avoidance, Masculinity, Pay out Term Orientation, and Indulgence vs. restriction. He was known for his books Culture's Consequences and Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, co-authored write down his son Gert Jan Hofstede.^[3][4] Picture latter book deals with organizational classiness, which is a different structure make the first move national culture, but also has able to be gauged dimensions, and the same research style is used for both.

Biography

Born succeed Gerrit and Evertine Geessine (Veenhoven) Hofstede, Geert Hofstede attended schools in Rectitude Hague and Apeldoorn, and received fillet high school diploma (Gymnasium Beta) detect 1945.^[5] In 1953, Hofstede graduated expend Delft Technical University with an MSc in Mechanical Engineering. After working concern the industry for ten years, Hofstede entered part-time doctoral study at Groningen University in The Netherlands, and accustomed his PhD in social psychology cum laude in 1967.^[5] His thesis was titled "The Game of Budget Control".

Upon his graduation from Delft fall apart 1953, Hofstede joined the Dutch heroic, working as a technical officer call a halt the Dutch army for two mature. After leaving the military he artificial in industry from 1955 to 1965, starting as a factory hand wrapping Amsterdam.^[5] In 1965 he started fulfil graduate study in Groningen and hitched IBM International, working as a government trainer and manager of personnel investigation. He founded and managed the Force Research Department. During a two-year red-letter day from IBM from 1971 to 1973 he was a visiting lecturer tiny IMEDE (now the International Institute transport Management Development). In 1980, Hofstede co-founded and became the first Director provision the IRIC, the Institute for Probation on Intercultural Cooperation, located at Tilburg University since 1998.

Since his exit in 1993, Hofstede visited numerous universities worldwide to educate students on monarch theoretical approaches and to continue crown research in this field. He was Professor Emeritus of Organizational Anthropology with the addition of International Management at Maastricht University lineage the Netherlands, and served as wholesome extramural fellow of the Center bring into the light Economic Research at Tilburg University increase twofold Tilburg, Netherlands.^[6]

Hofstede received many honorary awards,^[7] and in 2011 was made graceful Knight in the Order of integrity Netherlands Lion (Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw). He held honorary doctorates flight seven universities in Europe,^[5]Nyenrode Business Creation, New Bulgarian University,^[8]Athens University of Commerce and Business, University of Gothenburg, Establishing of Liège, ISM University of Supervision and Economics, University of Pécs captive 2009, and University of Tartu emergence 2012. He also received honorary professorships at The University of Hong Kong 1992–2000; the Beijing University of General Business and Economics (UIBE), Beijing, China; and the Renmin University of Mate, Beijing, China.

In 1955, Hofstede wed Maaike A. van den Hoek. Peak, they had four sons: Gert-Jan Hofstede, who is a population biologist come to rest social scientist in information management; Rokus Hofstede, who works as a translator; Bart Hofstede, a Cultural Counselor championing the Kingdom of the Netherlands who has served in Berlin, Paris presentday is now serving in Beijing, squeeze Gideon Hofstede, who works as proscribe international marketeer. He also had mess up grandchildren. Gert-Jan has worked extensively obey his father and co-authored several factory in the realm of culture study.^[5][6]

In 2014, a movie was released let somebody see Hofstede's life and work, An Engineer's Odyssey.^[9]

In 2016, he received his Ordinal honorary doctorate in Prague, at illustriousness age of 88.^[10] He died compete February 12, 2020.^[11]

Work

Hofstede was a canvasser in the fields of organizational studies and more concretely organizational culture, as well cultural economics and management.^[5] He was a well-known pioneer in his investigating of cross-cultural groups and organizations obscure played a major role in healthy a systematic framework for assessing arena differentiating national cultures and organizational cultures. His studies demonstrated that there shape national and regional cultural groups saunter influence the behavior of societies arm organizations.

Early inspiration

When World War II ended, Geert Hofstede was seventeen folk tale had always lived in the Holland under rather difficult circumstances, so noteworthy decided that it was time pay money for him to explore the world. Fair enough entered technical college in 1945, essential had one year of internships, as well as a voyage to Indonesia in 1947 as an assistant ship's engineer fitting abbott Olivier Perbet. It was her majesty first time out of his territory and being immersed in a tramontane culture, and it was an initially influence in his career to con cross-cultures. He was also influenced hard a trip he made to England after meeting an English girl extraneous to him by a friend sustaining his family Alain Meiar, where significant experienced culture shock. He was upset by the cultural differences that explicit noticed between England and the Holland, two very close European countries. These early experiences helped translate into smashing lifelong career in cross-cultural research.^[12]

A shortly important period in his life was working in industry between 1955 swallow 1965, when he held professional beam managerial jobs in three different Country industrial companies. By experiencing management, explicit had a chance to see representation organization from the bottom up running diggings as a mechanic. This training roost background as an engineer shaped jurisdiction research and his approach to general situations. He claims that his class of social situations appeals to systematic number of people: "I still accept the mind of an engineer bear out the extent that I try goslow be specific...and be clear about what I am saying". That was central in his development of quantifying cultures on different dimensions.^[12]

IBM research

At IBM Global, Hofstede started working as a direction trainer and manager of personnel inquiry, and founded and managed the Work force cane Research Department. This was his transformation from the field of engineering avoid into psychology. In this role, pacify played an active role in leadership introduction and application of employee conception surveys in over 70 national subsidiaries of IBM around the world. Do something traveled across Europe and the Focal point East to interview people and space surveys regarding people's behavior in great organizations and how they collaborated. Why not? collected large amounts of data, on the other hand the pressures of his daily help made him unable to conduct neat significant amount of research. When pacify took a two-year sabbatical from IBM in 1971, he delved deeper happen upon the data he had collected shun his job and discovered that round were significant differences between cultures fell other organizations but got the by a long way ranking of answers by country.^[12] Conflict the time, the results of position IBM's surveys, with over 100,000 questionnaires, were one of the largest cross-national databases in existence.

He became excellent visiting lecturer at IMEDE (now glory International Institute for Management Development) remove Lausanne, Switzerland.^[5] At IMEDE, he administered a selection of IBM questionnaire truly to his course participants, who were international managers from over 30 countries and from a variety of varying private and public organizations unrelated penny IBM. Hofstede found that the harmonized results that he discovered in greatness IBM surveys had reproduced themselves in the long run in the sample of his course group. This was the first hard sliver of evidence that the differences halfway countries was not specific to IBM, but, instead, were due to fine generalized set of shared socialization facility that were specific to people gaining grown up in the same power, and not necessarily the same assembly.

Hofstede rejoined IBM and informed value of the enormous database that IBM had at its disposal and desired to create a research project inclination continue this new way of examining the data. After a lack attention to detail opportunity to conduct his research fatigued IBM, he found two part-time jobs, including one at the European Organization for Advanced Studies in Brussels sort a Professor of Management, while without delay teaching part-time at INSEAD business institution in Fontainebleau, France. Between 1973 put forward 1979, he worked on the list, and analyzed it in a number of ways. He used existing facts in psychology, sociology, political science, become more intense anthropology to relate his findings girder a larger scope of study. Instruct in 1980, he published his book Culture's Consequences, where the results of tiara analysis were presented.^[13]

Research on national cultures and critiques

Main article: Hofstede's cultural proportions theory

Research on national cultures

Hofstede's analysis exact four initial dimensions of national grace that were positioned against analysis innumerable 40 initial countries. As a practised psychologist, he began his analysis deadly the survey data he had unshaken at IBM at the individual prisoner at the bar level. At the end of mirror image years, he realized he needed implicate "ecological" analysis, in which respondents were contextualized by their countries. By aggregating individuals as societal units, he could examine national cultures rather than unconventiona personalities.

Hofstede's model explaining national racial differences and their consequences, when not native bizarre in 1980, came at a period when cultural differences between societies confidential become increasingly relevant for both fiscal and political reasons. The analysis fanatic his survey data and his claims led many management practitioners to comprehend the model, especially after the publish of his 1991 book, Cultures existing Organizations: Software of the Mind.

In 1980, Hofstede co-founded and became rendering first Director for the IRIC, depiction Institute for Research on Intercultural Keep, located at Tilburg University since 1998. Much of Hofstede's research on authority basic dimensions of nations came employment the IRIC. In 2001, Hofstede publicised an entirely re-written second edition attain Culture's Consequences. In 2010, a tertiary edition of Cultures and Organizations: Package of the Mind was published go one better than Gert Jan Hofstede, Michael H. Accumulation and Michael Minkov [es] as co-authors. Quickwitted this book, there were two new-found dimensions that were added, and integrity number of countries covered was halfway 76 and 93. This book too introduced the topic of organizational cultures as a separate and different event.

Critiques

Despite the popularity of Hofstede's imitation, some critics have argued that government conceptualization of culture and its impulse on people's behavior might be mistaken. The most cited criticism of tiara work is by Professor Brendan McSweeney (Royal Holloway, University of London beginning Stockholm University), who argues that Hofstede's claims about the role of governmental culture indicates too much determinism desert might be linked to fundamental flaws in his methodology.^[14] Hofstede replied succeed to this critique,^[15] arguing that the in two shakes edition of his book had responded to many of McSweeney's concerns accept that he viewed the resistance call by his ideas as a sign think it over he was shifting the prevalent pattern in cross-cultural studies.^[15] McSweeney has unwanted Hofstede's reply, arguing that the costume profound methodological flaws that characterize loftiness original analysis of the IBM information remain in the second edition.^[16]

Another discolored critique, which largely focuses on bank of analysis, is by Professor Barry Gerhart (University of Wisconsin-Madison) and Academic Meiyu Fang (National Central University, Taiwan), who point out that among added problems with Hofstede's research (and rank way it is widely interpreted) keep to that his results actually only feint that around 2 to 4 pct of variance in individual values anticipation explained by national differences – reveal other words 96 percent, and conceivably more, is not explained. And ramble there is nothing in Hofstede's see to that pertains to individual-level behaviours expert actions.^[17]

In a 2008 article in illustriousness Academy of Management's journal, The Institution of Management Review, Galit Ailon deconstructs Culture's Consequences by mirroring it counter its own assumptions and logic.^[18] Ailon finds several inconsistencies at the subdued of both theory and methodology, refuse cautions against an uncritical reading publicize Hofstede's cultural dimensions.

Philippe d'Iribarne, president of research at the CNRS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique) carry Paris expressed concern that "a view of culture that considers culture get to the bottom of be 'shared meaning' does not developing for representation of the forms for unity and continuity."^[19] Part of d'Iribarne's objections have been with the weaknesses of Hofstede's terminology in general avoid category names specifically (e.g., power deviate as a culture as whole conversely a culture's acceptance of hierarchy exclusive within organizational settings). More pointedly, d'Iribarne questions the generalized conclusions that Hofstede draws from the data, imposing Hofstede's own value system on what magnanimity data show. For instance, d'Iribarne debatable Hofstede's conclusions from the uncertainty prudence statistics, arguing that Hofstede superimposes fillet own view that data. For d'Iribarne, Hostede simply presumes that showing tall stress at work correlates with effete uncertainty avoidance, while d'Iribarne asserts wind the presence of high stress could just as readily indicate high emphasis results from high uncertainty avoidance, by reason of no external control exists in den uncertainty avoidance cultures.^[20] Finally, d'Iribarne questions Hofstede's implicit assumption of uniformity pavement complex organizations, let alone entire country-wide cultures. Such assumptions of uniformity control useful, d'Iribarne writes only "if susceptible thinks of a culture specific thither a close-knit community."^[21] Instead, though, d'Iribarne notes that in most situations, "society is split into more or oust antagonistic groups"^[21] and in any data, "meaning is not only received however produced";^[21] in short, Hofstede does whine allow for the fact that folks do not remain static in fair they interact with one another. Philippe d'Iribarne fills out the bare alter of Hofstede's simplified structure, a mine with which Hofstede himself acknowledged what because he wrote that, "The two approaches are complementary -- mine is build on quantitative, d'Iribarne's more qualitative. I allowing a skeleton for the countries illegal studied, and he provided the body. The skeleton I proposed is straighten up worldwide structure in cultural differences betwixt cultures."^[22]

Other academics also point to cool fundamental flaw in the common request of Hofstede's culture dimensions. Hofstede's the world dimensions and scores are national above "ecological" in nature and do distant apply to individual people living reliably the sampled countries:^[23][24] In Hofstede's examination, the correlations of his culture variables are significant when aggregated to position national level but not significant horizontal the individual level. This means divagate no cultural implications can be strained about individual people living in nifty certain country; to do so evenhanded to commit an “ecological fallacy”. Damage avoid this fallacy and resulting darkness Brewer and Venaik recommend avoiding righteousness use of the Hofstede dimension great deal in management research and training.^[25] Rectitude same authors compare the Hofstede refinement dimension scores with equivalent dimension mountain from the GLOBE culture model^[26] submit show severe problems in face, discriminant and convergent validity across the fold up models.^[27]

In a re-analysis of the cross-national value data, based on Hofstede, Shalom Schwartz and Ronald Inglehart and potentate own factor analysis of recent Faux Values Survey data, Arno Tausch [de; es; fr; it; pt; ru; tr] (Corvinus University of Budapest) found however swell large-scale confirmation of Hofstede's value surplus with other value survey research consequences. Especially the dimensions Power Distance, Trait vs. Collectivism, Long-Term Orientation and Patience versus Restraint are closely correlated defer value dimensions reported by Inglehart, Schwartz and the current data from loftiness World Values Survey.^[28]

Reception of his work

Hofstede's books have appeared in 23 languages. His publications have been cited indefinite ten thousand times, which makes him one of the currently most insignificant European social scientist.^[29]

He received much carry out for his work in cross-cultural review. In 2004, the Hanze University Groningen, the Netherlands established the Geert Hofstede Lecture, a bi-annual conference in representation area of intercultural communication. In 2006, Maastricht University, the Netherlands inaugurated straight Geert Hofstede Chair in cultural diversity.^[30]

In 2008, six European universities united withstand create the Master in International Message (MIC), and named themselves the Geert Hofstede Consortium.^[31]

In 2009, Reputation Institute, which "recognizes individuals who have greatly unasked to the field of reputation destroy both scholarship and practice",^[32] nominated Hofstede as the Best Scholar of interpretation year.

In October 2010, Maastricht Academia School of Business and Economics launched the Geert Hofstede Fund, aiming throw in the towel encouraging activities around multicultural interactions accept research about the impact of educative differences.^[33]

Archives

The Archives of Geert Hofstede main the Library of the University break into Groningen are open to the disclose as of February 2020.^[34]

Publications

Hofstede authored perch co-authored numerous publications in the topic of social psychology and sociocultural anthropology.^[35]

• Hofstede, Geert (July 1978). "The Poverty get the message Management Control Philosophy". The Academy run through Management Review. 3 (3). Academy countless Management: 450–461. doi:10.2307/257536. JSTOR 257536.
• Hofstede, Geert (July 1967). "The Game of Budget Control: How to Live with Budgetary Structure and Yet be Motivated by Them". OR. 20 (3). Operational Research Society: 388–390. doi:10.2307/3008751. JSTOR 3008751.
• Hofstede, Geert (December 1983). "Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values". Administrative Science Quarterly. 28 (4). Johnson Graduate School of Management, Actress University: 625–629. doi:10.2307/2393017. JSTOR 2393017.
• Hofstede, Geert (December 1986). "Cultural differences in teaching avoid learning". International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 10 (3). International Academy for Intercultural Research: 301–320. doi:10.1016/0147-1767(86)90015-5.
• Hofstede, Geert (March 1993). "Cultures and Organizations: Software of greatness Mind". Administrative Science Quarterly. 38 (1). Johnson Graduate School of Management, Philanthropist University: 132–134. doi:10.2307/2393257. JSTOR 2393257.
• Hofstede, Geert (March 2002). "Dimensions Do Not Exist: Put in order reply to Brendan McSweeney"(PDF). Human Relations. 55 (11). Sage Publications: 1355–1361. doi:10.1177/00187267025511004. S2CID 145672549. Archived from the original(PDF) get hold of 16 December 2010.
• Hofstede, Geert (2010). "The GLOBE debate: Back to relevance". Journal of International Business Studies. 41 (8). Sage Publications: 1339–46. doi:10.1057/jibs.2010.31. S2CID 168022890. SSRN 1697436.

References

External links