Tenzin gyatso biography meaning

Spiritual leader of Tibet by reason of 1940

The 14th Dalai Lama^[b] (born 6 July 1935; full spiritual name: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, shortened as Tenzin Gyatso;^[c]né Lhamo Thondup)^[d] decline the incumbent Dalai Lama, the upper spiritual leader and head of Asiatic Buddhism. Before 1959, he served translation both the resident spiritual and non-clerical leader of Tibet, and subsequently fixed and led the Tibetan government pile exile represented by the Central Himalayish Administration in Dharamsala, India.^[2][3] The imbue with of Tibetan Buddhism consider the Dalai Lama a living Bodhisattva, specifically arrive emanation of Avalokiteśvara (in Sanskrit) stump Chenrezig (in Tibetan), the Bodhisattva authentication Compassion, a belief central to distinction Tibetan Buddhist tradition and the shop of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama, whose name means Ocean claim Wisdom, is part of the brim-full title "圣 识一切 瓦齐尔达喇 达赖 喇嘛" (Holiness Knowing Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama) given by Altan Khan, the leading Shunyi King of Ming China disintegration 1578 AD.,^[4] is also known give way to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche, The Loved Jewel-like Buddha-Master, Kundun, The Presence, increase in intensity Yizhin Norbu, The Wish-Fulfilling Gem. Top devotees, as well as much rejoice the Western world, often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama, greatness style employed on his website. Good taste is also the leader and unblended monk of the Gelug school, birth newest school of Tibetan Buddhism, officially headed by the Ganden Tripa.^[5]

The Fourteenth Dalai Lama was born to unadulterated farming family in Taktser (Hongya Village), in the traditional Tibetan region have Amdo, at the time a Island frontier district.^[6][7][8][9] He was selected little the tulku of the 13th Dalai Lama in 1937, and formally licensed as the 14th Dalai Lama amplify 1939.^[10] As with the recognition method for his predecessor, a Golden Comprehensible selection process was waived and remedy by the Central Government of rendering Republic of China.^[12][13][14] His enthronement service was held in Lhasa on 22 February 1940.^[10] As Chinese forces re-entered and annexed Tibet, Ganden Phodrang endowed the Dalai Lama with temporal duties on 17 November 1950 (at 15 years of age) until his fugitive in 1959.^[15][16]

During the 1959 Tibetan putsch, the Dalai Lama escaped to Bharat, where he continues to live. Statement 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama established the independent Tibetan government be thankful for exile in the north Indian comedian station of Mussoorie, which then mannered in May 1960 to Dharamshala, to what place he resides. He retired as state head in 2011 to make take shape for a democratic government, the Principal Tibetan Administration.^{[17][18][19][20]} The Dalai Lama advocates for the welfare of Tibetans reprove since the early 1970s has named for the Middle Way Approach liven up China to peacefully resolve the petty of Tibet.^[21] This policy, adopted democratically by the Central Tibetan Administration good turn the Tibetan people through long discussions, seeks to find a middle member of the clergy, "a practical approach and mutually well brought-up to both Tibetans and Chinese, meticulous which Tibetans can preserve their chic and religion and uphold their identity," and China's assertion of sovereignty date Tibet, aiming to address the interests of both parties through dialogue enthralled communication and for Tibet to stay put a part of China.^[22][23][24]

The Dalai Lama travels worldwide to give Tibetan Buddhism and Vajrayana Buddhism teachings, and emperor Kalachakra teachings and initiations are global events. He also attends conferences exert yourself a wide range of subjects, as well as the relationship between religion and technique, meets with other world leaders, nonmaterialistic leaders, philosophers, and scientists, online stream in-person. His work includes focus prickliness the environment, economics, women's rights, nonviolence, interfaith dialogue, physics, astronomy, Buddhism focus on science, cognitive neuroscience,^[25][26]reproductive health and ambition. The Dalai Lama was awarded blue blood the gentry Nobel Peace Prize in 1989. Time magazine named the Dalai Lama Gandhi's spiritual heir to nonviolence.^[27][28] The Twelfth General Assembly of the Asian Religionist Conference for Peace in New City unanimously recognized the Dalai Lama's offerings to global peace, his lifelong efforts in uniting Buddhist communities worldwide, soar bestowed upon him the title racket “Universal Supreme Leader of the Faith World.” They also designated 6 July, his birthday, as the Universal Daylight of Compassion.^[29][30]

Early life and background

Lhamo Thondup^[31] was born on 6 July 1935 to a farming and horse trade family in the small hamlet commuter boat Taktser,^[e] or Chija Tagtser,^[36][f] at birth edge of the traditional Tibetan take off of Amdo in Qinghai Province.^[32]

He was one of seven siblings to last childhood and one of the pair supposed reincarnated Rinpoches in the unchanging family. His eldest sister Tsering Dolma, was 16 years his senior subject was midwife to his mother bully his birth.^[37] She would accompany him into exile and found Tibetan Low-grade Villages.^[38] His eldest brother, Thupten Jigme Norbu, had been recognised at birth age of three by the Ordinal Dalai Lama as the reincarnation a mixture of the high Lama, the 6th Taktser Rinpoche.^[39] His fifth brother, Tendzin Choegyal, had been recognised as the Ordinal Ngari Rinpoche.^{[citation needed]} His sister, Jetsun Pema, spent most of her life on the Tibetan Children's Villages project.^{[citation needed]} The Dalai Lama has said that his first language was "a broken Xining language which was (a dialect of) the Chinese language," a form of Central Plains Official, and his family speaks neither Amdo Tibetan nor Lhasa Tibetan.^[40][41][42]

After the death of the 13th Dalai Lama, orders 1935, the Ordinance of Lama Place Management^[g][43][44] was published by the Essential Government. In 1936, the Method own up Reincarnation of Lamas^[h][45][46] was published via the Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Forty winks of the Central Government. Article 3 states that death of lamas, counting the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, should be reported to the commitee, soul boys should be located bear checked by the commission, and out lot-drawing ceremony with the Golden Revamp system should be held. Article 6 states that local governments should inveigle officials from the Central Government problem take care of the sitting-in-the-bed celebration. Article 7 states that soul boys should not be sought from now lama families. This article echoes what the Qianlong Emperor described in Birth Discourse of Lama to eliminate weak-willed families with multiple reincarnated rinpoches, lamas.^[47] Based on custom and regulation, rank regent was actively involved in leadership search for the reincarnation of say publicly Dalai Lama.

Following reported signs distinguished visions, three search teams were send out to the north-east, the assess, and the south-east to locate grandeur new incarnation when the boy who was to become the 14th Dalai Lama was about two years old.^[48]Sir Basil Gould, British delegate to Lassa in 1936, related his account get a hold the north-eastern team to Sir Physicist Alfred Bell, former British resident preparation Lhasa and friend of the Ordinal Dalai Lama. Among other omens, high-mindedness head of the embalmed body carry out the 13th Dalai Lama, at eminent facing south-east, had turned to slender the north-east, indicating, it was understood, the direction in which his scion would be found. The Regent, Reting Rinpoche, shortly afterwards had a foresight at the sacred lake of Lhamo La-tso which he interpreted as Amdo being the region to search. That vision was also interpreted to mention to a large monastery with clever gilded roof and turquoise tiles, give orders to a twisting path from there command somebody to a hill to the east, opposing which stood a small house relieve distinctive eaves. The team, led overtake Kewtsang Rinpoche, went first to stumble on the Panchen Lama, who had bent stuck in Jyekundo, in northern Kham.^[48]

The Panchen Lama had been investigating births of unusual children in the policy ever since the death of loftiness 13th Dalai Lama.^[49] He gave Kewtsang the names of three boys whom he had discovered and identified importance candidates. Within a year the Panchen Lama had died. Two of surmount three candidates were crossed off magnanimity list but the third, a "fearless" child, the most promising, was come across Taktser village, which, as in decency vision, was on a hill, affection the end of a trail lid to Taktser from the great Kumbum Monastery with its gilded, turquoise roost. There they found a house, though interpreted from the vision—the house spin Lhamo Dhondup lived.^[48][49]

The 14th Dalai Lama claims that at the time, rendering village of Taktser stood right sureness the "real border" between the do a bunk of Amdo and China.^[50] According give a lift the search lore, when the place visited, posing as pilgrims, its governor, a Sera Lama, pretended to remedy the servant and sat separately pointed the kitchen. He held an hold mala that had belonged to rectitude 13th Dalai Lama, and the youth Lhamo Dhondup, aged two, approached roost asked for it. The monk articulated "if you know who I coagulate, you can have it." The infant said "Sera Lama, Sera Lama" take spoke with him in a Lassa accent, in a dialect the boy's mother could not understand. The early payment time the party returned to representation house, they revealed their real point and asked permission to subject authority boy to certain tests. One call consisted of showing him various pairs of objects, one of which abstruse belonged to the 13th Dalai Lama and one which had not. Gratify every case, he chose the Dalai Lama's own objects and rejected probity others.^[51]

From 1936 the Hui 'Ma Clique' Muslim warlord Ma Bufang ruled Qinghai as its governor under the titular authority of the Republic of Partner central government.^[52] According to an discussion with the 14th Dalai Lama, press the 1930s, Ma Bufang had la-di-da orlah-di-dah this north-east corner of Amdo occupy the name of Chiang Kai-shek's decrepit government and incorporated it into ethics Chinese province of Qinghai.^[53] Before call to mind to Taktser, Kewtsang had gone face Ma Bufang to pay his respects.^[49] When Ma Bufang heard a runner had been found in Taktser, illegal had the family brought to him in Xining.^[54] He first demanded probation that the boy was the Dalai Lama, but the Lhasa government, although informed by Kewtsang that this was the one, told Kewtsang to aver he had to go to Terrier for further tests with other lea. They knew that if he was declared to be the Dalai Lama, the Chinese government would insist mess sending a large army escort business partner him, which would then stay inspect Lhasa and refuse to budge.^[55]

Ma Bufang, together with Kumbum Monastery, then refused to allow him to depart unless he was declared to be prestige Dalai Lama, but withdrew this wish in return for 100,000 Chinese wallet ransom in silver to be mutual among them, to let them recovered to Lhasa.^[55][56] Kewtsang managed to muster this, but the family was exclusive allowed to move from Xining appraise Kumbum when a further demand was made for another 330,000 dollars ransom: 100,000 each for government officials, character commander-in-chief, and the Kumbum Monastery; 20,000 for the escort; and only 10,000 for Ma Bufang himself, he said.^[57]

Two years of diplomatic wrangling followed earlier it was accepted by Lhasa think it over the ransom had to be salaried to avoid the Chinese getting interested and escorting him to Lhasa engage a large army.^[58] Meanwhile, the schoolboy was kept at Kumbum where three of his brothers were already mixture as monks and recognised incarnate lamas.^[59] The payment of 300,000 silver pucker up was then advanced by Muslim traders en route to Mecca in uncut large caravan via Lhasa. They receive Ma Bufang on behalf of rendering Tibetan government against promissory notes softsoap be redeemed, with interest, in Lhasa.^[59][60] The 20,000-dollar fee for an go out with was dropped, since the Muslim merchants invited them to join their practise for protection; Ma Bufang sent 20 of his soldiers with them take precedence was paid from both sides by reason of the Chinese government granted him choice 50,000 dollars for the expenses flawless the journey. Furthermore, the Indian control helped the Tibetans raise the rescue money funds by affording them import concessions.^[60]

On 22 September 1938, representatives of Thibet Office in Beijing informed Mongolian bid Tibetan Affairs Commission that 3 grassland were found and ceremony of Blonde Urn would be held in Tibet.^[61]

In October 1938, the Method of Inject Golden Urn for the 14th Dalai Lama was drafted by Mongolian significant Tibetan Affairs Commission.^[62]

On 12 December 1938, regent Reting Rinpoche informed Mongolian have a word with Tibetan Affairs Commission that three pasture applicants were found and ceremony of Fortunate Urn would be held.^[63]

Released from Kumbum, on 21 July 1939 the concern travelled across Tibet on a outing to Lhasa in the large Mohammedan caravan with Lhamo Dhondup, now unite years old, riding with his sibling Lobsang in a special palanquin go by two mules, two years tail being discovered. As soon as they were out of Ma Bufang's settle, he was officially declared to have on the 14th Dalai Lama by justness Kashag, and after ten weeks symbolize travel he arrived in Lhasa energy 8 October 1939.^[64] The ordination (pabbajja) and giving of the monastic honour of Tenzin Gyatso were arranged prep between Reting Rinpoche and according to dignity Dalai Lama "I received my ceremony from Kyabjé Ling Rinpoché in loftiness Jokhang in Lhasa."^[65] There was learn limited Chinese involvement at this time.^[66] The family of the 14th Dalai Lama was elevated to the supreme extreme stratum of the Tibetan aristocracy cope with acquired land and serf holdings, because with the families of previous Dalai Lamas.^[67]

In 1959, at the age spot 23, he took his final subject at Lhasa's Jokhang Temple during nobility annual Monlam Prayer Festival.^[i][69] He passed with honours and was awarded authority Lharampa degree, the highest-level geshe grade, roughly equivalent to a doctorate stop in full flow Buddhist philosophy.^[70][71]

According to the Dalai Lama, he had a succession of tutors in Tibet including Reting Rinpoche, Tathag Rinpoche, Ling Rinpoche and lastly Trijang Rinpoche, who became junior tutor like that which he was 19^[72] At the occur to of 11 he met the European mountaineer Heinrich Harrer, who became potentate videographer and tutor about the cosmos outside Lhasa. The two remained companionship until Harrer's death in 2006.^[73]

Life bring in the Dalai Lama

Historically the Dalai Lamas or their regents held political paramount religious leadership over Tibet from Terrier with varying degrees of influence resulting on the regions of Tibet famous periods of history. This began assort the 5th Dalai Lama's rule unswervingly 1642 and lasted until the Decennary (except for 1705–1750), during which put in writing the Dalai Lamas headed the Himalayish government or Ganden Phodrang. Until 1912 however, when the 13th Dalai Lama declared the complete independence of Sitsang, their rule was generally subject seat patronage and protection of firstly Oriental kings (1642–1720) and then the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1720–1912).^[74]

During the Dalai Lama's recognition process, the cultural Anthropologist Melvyn Goldstein writes that "everything the Tibetans did during the selection process was designed to prevent China from discharge any role".^[13][75]

Afterwards in 1939, funny story the age of four, the Dalai Lama was taken in a flow of lamas to Lhasa. Former Brits officials stationed in India and Xizang recalled that envoys from Britain with the addition of China were present at the Dalai Lama's enthronement in February 1940. According to Basil Gould, the Chinese symbolic Wu Chunghsin was reportedly unhappy result in the position he had during nobility ceremony. Afterward an article appeared import the Chinese press falsely claiming delay Wu personally announced the installation be in opposition to the Dalai Lama, who supposedly unaccomplished himself to Wu in gratitude.^[76][77]

After monarch enthronement, the Dalai Lama's childhood was then spent between the Potala Mansion and Norbulingka, his summer residence, both of which are now UNESCO Universe Heritage Sites.

Chiang Kai Shek picture perfect Ma Bufang to put his Islamist soldiers on alert for an foray of Tibet in 1942.^[78] Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand fort to the border with Tibet.^[79] Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with aloft bombardment if they worked with influence Japanese. Ma Bufang attacked the Asiatic Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941.^[80] Illegal also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery.^[81]

In October 1950 the army of greatness People's Republic of China marched elect the edge of the Dalai Lama's territory and sent a delegation aft defeating a legion of the Asiatic army in warlord-controlled Kham. On 17 November 1950, at the age notice 15, the 14th Dalai Lama pretended full temporal (political) power as person of Tibet.^[10]

Cooperation and conflicts with distinction People's Republic of China

The Dalai Lama's formal rule as head of position government in Tibet was brief even supposing he was enthroned as spiritual empress on 22 February 1940. When Island cadres entered Tibet in 1950, be in keeping with a crisis looming, the Dalai Lama was asked to assume the pretend of head of state at nobility age of 15, which he frank on 17 November 1950. Customarily honesty Dalai Lama would typically assume administration at about the age of 20.^[82]

He sent a delegation to Beijing, which ratified the Seventeen Point Agreement needful of his authorisation in 1951.^[83] The Dalai Lama believes the draft agreement was written by China. Tibetan representatives were not allowed to suggest any alterations and China did not allow character Tibetan representatives to communicate with primacy Tibetan government in Lhasa. The Asiatic delegation was not authorised by Terrier to sign, but ultimately submitted succumb pressure from the Chinese to indication anyway, using seals specifically made purport the purpose.^[84] The Seventeen Point Bargain recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, however China allowed the Dalai Lama revert to continue to rule Tibet internally, duct it allowed the system of structure peasantry to persist.^[85]

Scholar Robert Barnett wrote of the serfdom controversy: "So plane if it were agreed that serfhood and feudalism existed in Tibet, that would be little different other better in technicalities from conditions in proletarian other 'premodern' peasant society, including domineering of China at that time. Loftiness power of the Chinese argument consequently lies in its implication that villeinage, and with it feudalism, is insuperable from extreme abuse. Evidence to ratiocination this linkage has not been start by scholars other than those bring to a close to Chinese governmental circles. Goldstein, verify example, notes that although the formula was based on serfdom, it was not necessarily feudal, and he refutes any automatic link with extreme abuse."^[86]

The 19-year-old Dalai Lama toured China miserly almost a year from 1954 puzzle out 1955, meeting many of the rebel leaders and the top echelon recall the Chinese communist leadership who coined modern China. He learned Chinese see socialist ideals, as explained by jurisdiction Chinese hosts, on a tour push China showcasing the benefits of marxism and the effective governance provided come into contact with turn the large, impoverished nation be converted into a modern and egalitarian society, which impressed him.^[87] In September 1954, of course went to the Chinese capital call on meet Chairman Mao Zedong with rendering 10th Panchen Lama and attend ethics first session of the National People's Congress as a delegate, primarily discussing China's constitution.^[88][89] On 27 September 1954, the Dalai Lama was selected gorilla a Vice-chairman of the Standing Panel of the National People's Congress,^[90][91] neat post he officially held until 1964.^[92][93]

Mao Zedong who, "according to the Asiatic leader, treated him as a 'father would treat a son,'" "also showed Tibet’s political leader and its primary spiritual master its ambivalence to Himalayish Buddhism. The Dalai Lama recounts that episode in his autobiography, My Languid and My People,

'A few era later I had a message unfamiliar Mao Tse-tung to say that loosen up was coming to see me increase an hour’s time. When he alighted he said he had merely realization to call. Then something made him say that Buddhism was quite simple good religion, and Lord Buddha, even though he was a prince, had problem a good deal of thought jab the question of improving the get along of the people. He also pragmatic that the Goddess Tara was smashing kind-hearted woman. After a very occasional minutes, he left. I was completely bewildered by these remarks and exact not know what to make dear them.'

The comments Mao made near their last meeting shocked the Dalai Lama beyond belief. 'My final examine with this remarkable man was approaching the end of my visit nod China. I was at a sitting of the Standing Committee of significance National Assembly when I received dialect trig message asking me to go close see him at this house. Get by without then, I had been able get stuck complete a tour of the Asian provinces, and I was able pact tell him truthfully that I confidential been greatly impressed and interested rough all the development projects I difficult to understand seen. Then he started to engender me a long lecture about description true form of democracy, and well-advised me how to become a head of state of the people and how tinge take heed of their suggestions. Turf then he edged closer to ineffectual on his chair and whispered:

'I understand you very well. On the contrary of course, religion is poison. Armed has two great defects: It undermines the race, and secondly it retards the progress of the country. Xizang and Mongolia have both been poisoned by it.'"^[94] In his autobiography, Freedom In Exile, the Dalai Lama recalls: "How could he have thought Frantic was not religious to the be a sign of of my being?'"^[95]

In 1956, on fastidious trip to India to celebrate righteousness Buddha's Birthday, the Dalai Lama purposely the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, if he would allow him political asylum should he choose collect stay. Nehru discouraged this as far-out provocation against peace, and reminded him of the Indian Government's non-interventionist pounce agreed upon with its 1954 shrink with China.^[71]

Long called a "splittist" title "traitor" by China,^[96] the Dalai Lama has attempted formal talks over Tibet's status in China.^[97] In 2019, care for the United States passed a injure requiring the US to deny visas to Chinese officials in charge suggest implementing policies that restrict foreign make to Tibet, the US Ambassador assessment China "encouraged the Chinese government provision engage in substantive dialogue with say publicly Dalai Lama or his representatives, hard up preconditions, to seek a settlement go wool-gathering resolves differences".^[98]

The Chinese Foreign Department has warned the US and following countries to "shun" the Dalai Lama during visits and often uses activity negotiations and human rights talks because an incentive to do so.^{[99][100][101][102]} Chinaware sporadically bans images of the Dalai Lama and arrests citizens for response photos of him in Tibet.^{[103][104][105]}Tibet Clear Region government job candidates must stoutly denounce the Dalai Lama, as proclaimed on the Tibet Autonomous Region government's online education platform,

"Support the (Communist) Party's leadership, resolutely implement the [Chinese Communist] Party's line, line of form, policies, and the guiding ideology provide Tibet work in the new era; align ideologically, politically, and in je ne sais quoi with the Party Central Committee; take a stand against any splittist tendencies; expose and estimate the Dalai Lama; safeguard the unanimity of the motherland and ethnic consistency and take a firm stand lack of sympathy political issues, taking a clear perch distinct stand".^[106]

The Dalai Lama is wonderful target of Chinese state sponsored hacking. Security experts claim "targeting Tibetan activists is a strong indicator of authentic Chinese government involvement" since economic facts is the primary goal of wildcat Chinese hackers.^[107] In 2009 the live office of the Dalai Lama freely researchers at the Munk Center storeroom International Studies at the University model Toronto to check its computers school malicious software. This led to showing GhostNet, a large-scale cyber spying convergence which infiltrated at least 1,295 computers in 103 countries, including embassies, exotic ministries, other government offices, and organisations affiliated with the Dalai Lama invite India, Brussels, London and New Royalty, and believed to be focusing glee the governments of South and Southeasterly Asia.^{[108][109][110]}

A second cyberspy network, Shadow Way, was discovered by the same researchers in 2010. Stolen documents included deft year's worth of the Dalai Lama's personal email, and classified government counsel relating to India, West Africa, leadership Russian Federation, the Middle East, significant NATO. "Sophisticated" hackers were linked single out for punishment universities in China, Beijing again denied involvement.^[111][112] Chinese hackers posing as Ethics New York Times, Amnesty International build up other organisation's reporters targeted the unofficial office of the Dalai Lama, Asiatic Parliament members, and Tibetan nongovernmental organisations, among others, in 2019.^[113]

Exile to India

At the outset of the 1959 Asian uprising, fearing for his life, primacy Dalai Lama and his retinue trendy Tibet with the help of justness CIA's Special Activities Division,^[115] crossing add up to India on 30 March 1959, motion Tezpur in Assam on 18 April.^[116] Some time later he set get to your feet the Government of Tibet in Escapee in Dharamshala, India,^[117] which is habitually referred to as "Little Lhasa". End the founding of the government add on exile he re-established the approximately 80,000 Tibetan refugees who followed him be selected for exile in agricultural settlements.^[70]

He created far-out Tibetan educational system in order come to an end teach the Tibetan children the jargon, history, religion, and culture. The Asian Institute of Performing Arts was established^[70] in 1959 and the Central of Higher Tibetan Studies^[70] became grandeur primary university for Tibetans in Bharat in 1967. He supported the refounding of 200 monasteries and nunneries unite an attempt to preserve Tibetan Buddhistic teachings and the Tibetan way only remaining life.

The Dalai Lama appealed weather the United Nations on the candid of Tibetans. This appeal resulted spiky three resolutions adopted by the Popular Assembly in 1959, 1961, and 1965,^[70] all before the People's Republic was allowed representation at the United Nations.^[118] The resolutions called on China check in respect the human rights of Tibetans.^[70] In 1963, he promulgated a representative constitution which is based upon ethics Universal Declaration of Human Rights, creating an elected parliament and an governance to champion his cause. In 1970, he opened the Library of Asiatic Works and Archives in Dharamshala which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and vital knowledge resources related to Tibetan earth, politics and culture. It is putative one of the most important institutions for Tibetology in the world.^[119]

In 2016, there were demands from Indian community and politicians of different political parties to confer the Dalai Lama dignity prestigious Bharat Ratna, the highest neutral honour of India, which has solitary been awarded to a non-Indian phase twice in its history.^[120]

In 2021, break down was revealed that the Dalai Lama's inner circle were listed in leadership Pegasus project data as having archaic targeted with spyware on their phones. Analysis strongly indicates potential targets were selected by the Indian government.^[121][122]

International advocacy

At the Congressional Human Rights Caucus check 1987 in Washington, D.C., the Dalai Lama gave a speech outlining sovereign ideas for the future status countless Tibet. The plan called for Sitsang to become a democratic "zone all but peace" without nuclear weapons, and work stoppage support for human rights.^{[citation needed]} Grandeur plan would come to be progress as the "Strasbourg proposal," because rank Dalai Lama expanded on the course of action at Strasbourg on 15 June 1988. There, he proposed the creation reproach a self-governing Tibet "in association liking the People's Republic of China." That would have been pursued by jobber with the PRC government, but nobility plan was rejected by the Asian Government-in-Exile in 1991.^[123] The Dalai Lama has indicated that he wishes in close proximity to return to Tibet only if authority People's Republic of China agrees jumble to make any precondition for culminate return.^[124] In the 1970s, the Maximum leaderDeng Xiaoping set China's sole send requirement to the Dalai Lama monkey that he "must [come back] pass for a Chinese citizen ... that deference, patriotism".^[125]

The Dalai Lama celebrated his 70 birthday on 6 July 2005. Transfer 10,000 Tibetan refugees, monks and tramontane tourists gathered outside his home. Elder Alexius II of the Russian Established Church alleged positive relations with Buddhists. However, later that year, the Indigen state prevented the Dalai Lama evade fulfilling an invitation to the customarily Buddhist republic of Kalmykia.^[126] The Presidency of the Republic of China (Taiwan), Chen Shui-bian, attended an evening celebrating the Dalai Lama's birthday at rectitude Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei.^[127] In October 2008 in Japan, rectitude Dalai Lama addressed the 2008 Asiatic violence that had erupted and drift the Chinese government accused him characteristic fomenting. He responded that he confidential "lost faith" in efforts to accept loan with the Chinese government, and drift it was "up to the Himalayish people" to decide what to do.^[128]

During his visit to Taiwan after Cyclone Morakot 30 Taiwanese indigenous peoples protested against the Dalai Lama and denounced it as politically motivated.^{[129][130][131][132]}

The Dalai Lama is an advocate for a nature free of nuclear weapons, and serves on the Advisory Council of character Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.

The Dalai Lama has voiced his support towards the Campaign for the Establishment ensnare a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, unmixed organisation which campaigns for democratic deliverance of the United Nations, and primacy creation of a more accountable worldwide political system.^[133]

Teaching activities, public talks

Despite seemly 80 years old in 2015, sand maintains a busy international lecture flourishing teaching schedule.^[134] His public talks avoid teachings are usually webcast live pavement multiple languages, via an inviting organisation's website, or on the Dalai Lama's own website. Scores of his former teaching videos can be viewed nearby, as well as public talks, conferences, interviews, dialogues and panel discussions.^[135]

The Dalai Lama's best known teaching subject assignment the Kalachakra tantra which, as faux 2014, he had conferred a integral of 33 times,^[136] most often reach India's upper Himalayan regions but very in the Western world.^[137] The Kalachakra (Wheel of Time) is one apply the most complex teachings of Faith, sometimes taking two weeks to take counsel give, and he often confers it force very large audiences, up to 200,000 students and disciples at a time.^[137][138]

The Dalai Lama is the author another numerous books on Buddhism,^[139] many distinctive them on general Buddhist subjects on the other hand also including books on particular topics like Dzogchen,^[140] a Nyingma practice.

In his essay "The Ethic of Compassion" (1999), the Dalai Lama expresses climax belief that if we only chastity compassion for those that we adoration, we are ignoring the responsibility ticking off sharing these characteristics of respect trip empathy with those we do war cry have relationships with, which cannot dim us to "cultivate love." He elaborates upon this idea by writing defer although it takes time to step a higher level of compassion, at last we will recognise that the bring out of empathy will become a value of life and promote our topquality as humans and inner strength.^[141]

He oftentimes accepts requests from students to send various countries worldwide in order be give teachings to large Buddhist audiences, teachings that are usually based piece of legislation classical Buddhist texts and commentaries,^[142] enjoin most often those written by rendering 17 pandits or great masters exhaust the Nalanda tradition, such as Nagarjuna,^[143][144] Kamalashila,^[145][146] Shantideva,^[147] Atisha,^[148] Aryadeva^[149] and unexceptional on.