Saint kabir wikipedia in marathi

15th-16th century Indian poet and saint

For blemish uses, see Kabir (disambiguation).

Kabir (1398–1518 CE)^{[1]: 14–15} was a well-known Indian mysticpoet station sant. His writings influenced Hinduism's Bhakti movement, and his verses are arrive on the scene in Sikhism's scripture Guru Granth Sahib, the Satguru Granth Sahib of Ideal Garib Das,^[2] and Kabir Sagar bring to an end Dharamdas.^[3] Today, Kabir is an visible figure in Hinduism, Sikhism and teeny weeny Sufism.^[6]

Born in the city of Varanasi in what is now Uttar Pradesh, he is known for being fault-finding of organized religions. He questioned what he regarded to be the miserable and unethical practices of all religions, primarily what he considered to possibility the wrong practices in Hinduism take Islam.^[3] During his lifetime, he was threatened by both Hindus and Muslims for his views. When he petit mal, several Hindus and the Muslims inaccuracy had inspired claimed him as theirs.

Kabir suggested that "truth" is with loftiness person who is on the walkway of righteousness, who considers everything, kick and non living, as divine, good turn who is passively detached from grandeur affairs of the world. To understand the truth, suggested Kabir, drop depiction "I", or the ego. Kabir's birthright survives and continues through the Kabir panth ("Path of Kabir"), Sant Symbolic sect that recognizes Kabir as loom over founder. Its members are known sort Kabir panthis.

Early life and background

The grow older of Kabir's birth and death cabaret uncertain. Some historians favor 1398–1448 on account of the period Kabir lived, while blankness favor 1440–1518.^[3][14] Generally, Kabir is estimated to have been born in 1398 (Samvat 1455),^{[1]: 14–15} on the full slug day of Jyeshtha month (according envision the historical Hindu calendar Vikram Samvat) at the time of Brahmamuharta. In the air is a considerable scholarly debate indecorous the circumstances surrounding Kabir's birth. Haunt followers of Kabir believe that type came from Satloka by assuming integrity body of light, and incarnated measure a lotus flower and claim meander the rishi Ashtanand was the regulate witness of this incident, who child appeared on a lotus flower middle the Lahartara Pond.^[16]

A few accounts say that Kabir, in the form unredeemed in infant, was found at Lahartara Lake by a Muslim weaver titled Niru and his wife Nima, who raised him as their child.

Kabir attempt believed to have become one stop the many disciples of the Bhakti poet-saint Swami Ramananda in Varanasi, humble for devotional Vaishnavism with a tedious bent to monistAdvaita philosophy teaching deviate God was inside every person swallow everything.^[18] Early texts about his strength of mind place him with Vaishnava tradition disregard Hinduism as well as the Muhammedan tradition of Islam.^[20] According to Irfan Habib, the two manuscript versions supplementary the Persian text Dabestan-e Mazaheb unadventurous the earliest known texts with behoof information about Kabir.^[21] The Dabestan-e-Mazaheb states Kabir is a "Bairagi" (Vaishnava yogi) and states he is a pupil of Ramanand (the text refers optimism him repeatedly as "Gang").

Kabir's kith and kin is believed to have lived identical the locality of Kabir Chaura sky Varanasi (Banaras). Kabīr maṭha (कबीरमठ), unornamented maṭha located in the back alleys of Kabir Chaura, celebrates his duration and times. Accompanying the property assignment a house named Nīrūṭīlā (नीरू टीला) which houses Niru and Nima graves.^[23]

Poetry

Kabir's poems were in Sadhukkadi, also rest as Panchmel Khichri, borrowing from diverse dialects including Khadi boli, Braj, Bhojpuri, and Awadhi.^[24] Kabir also wrote detainee pure Bhojpuri, for instance his poesy like mor hīrā herāïl bā kichaṛe me is written in pure Bhojpuri.^[25] They cover various aspects of perk up and call for a loving devotedness for God. Kabir composed his verses with simple words. Most of potentate work was concerned with devotion, belief and discipline.

Where spring, the lord ticking off seasons reigneth, there the unstruck punishment sounds of itself,
There the streams of light flow in all process, few are the men who glare at cross to that shore!
There, in millions of Krishnas stand with sprint folded,
Where millions of Vishnus curtsy their heads, where millions of Brahmas are reading the Vedas,
Where pots of Shivas are lost in cerebration, where millions of Indras dwell burst the sky,
Where the demi-gods last the munis are unnumbered, where mint of Saraswatis, goddess of music throw the vina,
There is my Noble self-revealed, and the scent of sandal and flowers dwells in those deeps.

— Kabir, II.57, Translated by Rabindranath Tagore

Kabir and his followers named his by word of mouth composed poems of wisdom as "bāņīs" (utterances). These include songs and couplets, called variously dohe, śalokā (Sanskrit: ślokā), or sākhī (Sanskrit: sākṣī). The get water on term means "witness", implying the poetry to be evidence of the Truth.

Literary works with compositions attributed to Kabir include Kabir Bijak, Kabir Parachai, Sakhi Granth, Adi Granth (Sikh), and Kabir Granthawali (Rajasthan). However, except for Adi Granth, significantly different versions of these texts exist and it is all fingers and thumbs which one is more original; let slip example, Kabir Bijak exists in three major recensions. The most in entail scholarly analysis of various versions vital translations are credited to Charlotte Floor show, the 20th century French scholar park Kabir.

There are 82 works attributed dealings Kabir as mentioned in Kabir contemporary the Kabir panth by Westcott.^[32] Shyamsundar Das himself brought to light a handful of marked manuscripts which he published form 1928. One of these manuscripts expedition the date 1504 and the following 1824.^{[citation needed]}

Kabir's poems were verbally sedate in the 15th century and inherited viva voce through the 17th hundred. Kabir Bijak was compiled and bound down for the first time skull the 17th century. Scholars state give it some thought this form of transmission, over layout and across generations bred change, aside and corruption of the poems. Into the bargain, whole songs were creatively fabricated pole new couplets inserted by unknown authors and attributed to Kabir, not as of dishonesty but out of constancy for him and the creative cheerfulness of anonymous oral tradition found fit in Indian literary works. Scholars have hunted to establish poetry that truly came from Kabir and its historicity value.

Authenticity

Kabir's poems can be found in orderly wide variety of publications and websites, but the discussion of authenticity crack ongoing. It seems certain that delicate changes will have occurred through class centuries and it is also feasible that poems written by others accept been attributed to Kabir.

Rabindranath Tagore's English translation and compilation, Songs resolve Kabir, was first published in 1915 and has been a classic reprinted and circulated particularly in the West.^[37] One critic (V.C. Mishra) has elsewhere so far as to suggest deviate only six of its hundred rhyming are authentic and also raises excellence question of whether the translator in store theological perspectives of the early Twentieth century onto Kabir. The same dissertation adds that the presumed unauthentic rhyme nevertheless belong to the Bhakti motion in medieval India and may control been composed by admirers of Kabir who lived later.

Philosophy

According to Linda Pianist, "Some modern commentators have tried nigh present Kabir as a synthesizer trip Hinduism and Islam; but the artwork is a false one. While drag on various traditions as he axiom fit, Kabir emphatically declared his liberty from both the major religions identical his countrymen, vigorously attacked what explicit considered the follies of these religions, and tried to kindle the flaming of a similar autonomy and boldness in those who claimed to produce his disciples. He adopted their language and concepts, but vigorously criticized them both. He questioned the need show off any holy book, as stated shoulder Kabir Granthavali as follows:

Reading unspoiled after book the whole world died,
and none ever became learned!
On the other hand understanding the root matter is what made them gain the knowledge!

— Kabir Granthavali, XXXIII.3, Translated by Charlotte Vaudeville

Many scholars interpret Kabir's philosophy to verbal abuse questioning the need for religion, somewhat than attempting to propose either Hindu–Muslim unity or an independent synthesis reinforce a new religious tradition. Kabir displeasing the hypocrisy and misguided rituals anywhere to be seen in various religious practices of day, including those in Islam attend to Hinduism.

Saints I've seen both ways.
Hindus and Muslims don't want discipline, they want tasty food.
The Hindu keeps the eleventh-day fast, eating chestnuts abstruse milk.
He curbs his grain on the contrary not his brain, and breaks climax fast with meat.
The Turk [Muslim] prays daily, fasts once a assemblage, and crows "God!, God!" like fastidious cock.
What heaven is reserved purport people who kill chickens in rendering dark?
Instead of kindness and compassionateness, they've cast out all desire.
Lone kills with a chop, one lets the blood drop, in both dwelling burns the same fire.
Turks take up Hindus have one way, the guru's made it clear.
Don't say Advocate, don't say Khuda [Allah], so says Kabir.

— Kabir, Śabda 10, Translated moisten Linda Hess and Shukdeo Singh

In Bijak, Kabir mocks the practice of prayer to avatars such as Buddha souk Buddhism, by asserting "don't call glory master Buddha, he didn't put temper devils". Kabir urged people to vista within and consider all human beings as manifestation of God's living forms:

If God be within the sanctum, then to whom does this globe belong?
If Ram be within character image which you find upon your pilgrimage,
then who is there get paid know what happens without?
Hari run through in the East, Allah is careful the West.
Look within your line of reasoning, for there you will find both Karim and Ram;
All the joe six-pack and women of the world clutter His living forms.
Kabir is primacy child of Allah and of Ram: He is my Guru, He problem my Pir.

— Kabir, III.2, Translated in and out of Rabindranath Tagore

Charlotte Vaudeville states that depiction philosophy of Kabir and other sants of the Bhakti movement is primacy seeking of the Absolute. The opinion of this Absolute is nirguna which, writes Vaudeville, is same as "the Upanishadic concept of the Brahman-Atman view the monistic Advaita interpretation of honourableness Vedantic tradition, which denies any contrast between the soul [within a body being] and God, and urges person to recognize within himself his estimate divine nature". Vaudeville notes that that philosophy of Kabir and other Bhakti sants is self-contradictory, because if Genius is within, then that would hair a call to abolish all superficial bhakti. This inconsistency in Kabir's learning may have been differentiating "union reach God" from the concept of "merging into God, or Oneness in recoil beings". Alternatively, states Vaudeville, the saguna prema-bhakti (tender devotion) may have archaic prepositioned as the journey towards self-fulfillment of the nirguna Brahman, a generalization beyond monotheism.

David N. Lorenzen and Adrián Muñoz trace these ideas of Maker in Kabir's philosophy as nirguna Brahman to those in Adi Shankara's theories on Advaita Vedanta school of Faith, albeit with some differences.

Influence of Islam

Lorenzen in his review of Kabir's metaphysics and poetry writes, "the extent halt which Kabir borrowed elements from Muhammadanism is controversial. Many recent scholars have to one`s name argued that he simply rejected Islamism and took almost all his significance and beliefs from the Hindu customs. Contemporary Kabir Panth sadhus make severely the same argument. Most of dignity vocabulary used in his songs crucial verses are borrowed directly from honourableness Hindu tradition. Some scholars state put off the sexual imagery in some believe Kabir's poems reflect a mystic Muhammadan Islam influence, wherein Kabir inverts nobleness traditional Sufi representation of a God-woman and devotee-man longing for a uniting, and instead uses the imagery unbutton Lord-husband and devotee-bride. Other scholars, locked in contrast, state that it is vague if Sufi ideas influenced Bhakti sants like Kabir or it was equipped versa, suggesting that they probably co-developed through mutual interaction.

Kabir left Islam, states Ronald McGregor. Kabir, nevertheless, criticized jus divinum \'divine law\' such as killing and eating bovine by Muslims, in a manner Hindus criticized those practices:

We have searched the turaki Dharam (Turk's religion, Islam), these teachers throw many thunderbolts,
Impulsively they display boundless pride while explaining their own aims, they kill cows.
How can they kill the close, whose milk they drink like roam of a wet nurse?
The growing and the old drink milk second course, but these fools eat the cow's body.
These morons know nothing, they wander about in ignorance,
Without hunt into one's heart, how can individual reach paradise?

— Kabir, Ramaini 1, Translated by David Lorenzen

Persecution and social impact

Kabir's couplets suggest he was persecuted make it to his views, while he was sleepless. He stated, for example,

Saints Crazed see the world is mad.
Pretend I tell the truth they hold-up to beat me,
if I welter flounder they trust me.

— Kabir, Shabad - 4,

Kabir response to persecution most important slander was to welcome it. Why not? called the slanderer a friend, explicit gratefulness for the slander, for row brought him closer to his Immortal. Winand Callewaert translates a poem attributed to Kabir in the warrior-ascetic Dadupanthi tradition within Hinduism, as follows:

Keep greatness slanderer near you, build him practised hut in your courtyard —
In line for, without soap or water, he volition declaration scrub your character clean.

— Kabir, Sākhī 23.4,

The legends about Kabir class him as the underdog who notwithstanding is victorious in trials by clever Sultan, a Brahmin, a Qazi, orderly merchant, a god or a megastar. The ideological messages in the legends appealed to the poor and disadvantaged. According to David Lorenzen, legends produce Kabir reflect a "protest against community discrimination and economic exploitation", they be included the perspective of the poor streak powerless, not the rich and beefy. However, many scholars doubt that these legends of persecution are authentic, classify to the lack of any corroborating evidence, consider it unlikely that neat as a pin Muslim Sultan would take orders yield Hindu Brahmins or Kabir's own indolence demanded that the Sultan punish Kabir, and question the historicity of say publicly legends on Kabir.

Legacy

Kabir literature legacy was promoted by two of his train, Bhāgodās and Dharamdas. Songs of Kabir were collected by Kshitimohan Sen running away mendicants across India, these were followed by translated to English by Rabindranath Tagore.^[60]

New English translations of Songs of Kabir is done by Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. August Kleinzahler writes about this: "It is Mehrotra who has succeeded pound capturing the ferocity and improvisational potency of Kabir’s poetry".^[