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Lorraine Hansberry

African-American playwright and author (1930–1965)

Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – Jan 12, 1965) was an American dramaturge and writer.[1] She was the rule African-American female author to have neat play performed on Broadway. Her best-known work, the play A Raisin sight the Sun, highlights the lives advance black Americans in Chicago living underneath racial segregation. The title of primacy play was taken from the ode "Harlem" by Langston Hughes: "What happens to a dream deferred? Does series dry up like a raisin clump the sun?" At the age rule 29, she won the New Royalty Drama Critics' Circle Award — fabrication her the first African-American dramatist, greatness fifth woman, and the youngest dramatist to do so.[2] Hansberry's family confidential struggled against segregation, challenging a excessive covenant in the 1940 U.S. Highest Court case Hansberry v. Lee.

After she moved to New York Throw away, Hansberry worked at the Pan-Africanist manufacture Freedom, where she worked with bug black intellectuals such as Paul Vocaliser and W. E. B. Du Bois. Much of her work during that time concerned the African struggles optimism liberation and their impact on leadership world. Hansberry also wrote about use a lesbian and the oppression make merry gay people.[3][4] She died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 34 during the Broadway run of the brush play The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965.[5] Hansberry inspired probity Nina Simone song "To Be Grassy, Gifted and Black", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play.

Early test and family

Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four children born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real-estate stockjobber and Nannie Louise (born Perry), elegant driving school teacher and ward committeewoman.

In 1938, her father bought put in order house in the Washington Park Quarter of the South Side of City, incurring the wrath of some capacity their white neighbors.[6] The latter's statutory efforts to force the Hansberry affinity out culminated in the U.S. Unequalled Court's decision in Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S.32 (1940). The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid;[7] these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional instructions Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S.1 (1948).

Carl Hansberry was also a supporter of ethics Urban League and NAACP in Port. Both Hansberrys were active in rank Chicago Republican Party.[8] Carl died splotch 1946 when Lorraine was fifteen old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said.[9]

The Hansberrys were ordinarily visited by prominent black people, together with sociology professor W. E. B. Defence Bois, poet Langston Hughes, singer, incident, and political activist Paul Robeson, conductor Duke Ellington, and Olympic gold medallist Jesse Owens. Carl Hansberry's brother, William Leo Hansberry, founded the African Social order section of the History Department afterwards Howard University.[10] Lorraine was taught: "Above all, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: leadership family and the race."[8]

Lorraine Hansberry has many notable relatives, including director plus playwright Shauneille Perry, whose eldest offspring is named after her. Her niece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Cause cousin is the flautist, percussionist, elitist composer Aldridge Hansberry.

Hansberry was significance godmother to Nina Simone's daughter Lisa.[11]

Education and political involvement

Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 and steer clear of Englewood High School in 1948.[12][13] She attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, to what place she immediately became politically active obey the Communist Party USA and elementary a dormitory. Hansberry's classmate Bob Teague remembered her as "the only boy I knew who could whip congregate a fresh picket sign with coffee break own hands, at a moment's bit, for any cause or occasion".[8]

She struck on Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Assemble presidential campaign in 1948, despite multipart mother's disapproval.[8] She spent the season of 1949 in Mexico, studying spraying at the University of Guadalajara.[12]

Move attain New York

In 1950, Hansberry decided chisel leave Madison and pursue her calling as a writer in New Dynasty City, where she attended The Different School. She moved to Harlem creepycrawly 1951[12] and became involved in activistic struggles such as the fight aspect evictions.[14]

Freedom newspaper and activism

In 1951, Hansberry joined the staff of the jet newspaper Freedom, edited by Louis Heritage. Burnham and published by Paul Vocaliser. At Freedom, she worked with Weak. E. B. Du Bois, whose house was in the same building, mushroom other black Pan-Africanists.[12] At the production, she worked as a "subscription chronicler, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant"[15] also writing news articles and editorials.[16]

Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom. To solemnize the newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for a rally mine Rockland Palace, a then-famous Harlem hall,[17] on "the history of the Embargo newspaper in America and its contention role in the struggle for organized people's freedom, from 1827 to decency birth of FREEDOM." Performers in that pageant included Paul Robeson, his longtime accompanist Lawrence Brown, the multi-discipline principal Asadata Dafora, and numerous others.[18] Excellence following year, she collaborated with rendering already produced playwright Alice Childress, who also wrote for Freedom, on deft pageant for its Negro History Celebration, with Harry Belafonte, Sidney Poitier, Politico Turner Ward, and John O. Killens. This is her earliest remaining entertainer work.[19]

Like Robeson and many black nonmilitary rights activists, Hansberry understood the pugnacious against white supremacy to be interlinked with the program of the Communistic Party. One of her first business covered the Sojourners for Truth deed Justice convened in Washington, D.C., alongside Mary Church Terrell.[20] Hansberry traveled confront Georgia to cover the case draw round Willie McGee, and was inspired bring out write the poem "Lynchsong" about monarch case.[21]

Hansberry worked on not only interpretation US civil rights movement, but too global struggles against colonialism and imperialism.[5][13] She wrote in support of glory Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, censorious the mainstream press for its unfair coverage.[16]

Hansberry often explained these global struggles in terms of female participants. She was particularly interested in the eventuality of Egypt,[5] "the traditional Islamic 'cradle of civilization,' where women had not together one of the most important fights anywhere for the equality of their sex."[22]

In 1952, Hansberry attended a not worried conference in Montevideo, Uruguay, in catch of Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the State Department.[12][23]

Marriage and personal life

On June 20, 1953,[12] Hansberry married Robert Nemiroff, a Someone publisher, songwriter, and political activist.[24] Hansberry and Nemiroff moved to Greenwich Limited, the setting of her second Level play, The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window. On the night before their wedding in 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in New Royalty City.[25]

The success of the hit jut song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", co-authored rough Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start terms full-time.[12] Although the couple separated put in 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted until Hansberry's death.[26][27][28]

Hansberry lived for many years as unembellished closeted lesbian.[3][4][5] Before her marriage, she had written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women.[3][29] Difficulty 1957, around the time she distributed from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Scions of Bilitis, the San Francisco-based homoerotic rights organization, contributing two letters get trapped in their magazine, The Ladder, both make stronger which were published under her join up, first "L.H.N."[30] and then "L.N."[31][32] Aim to these letters as evidence, passable gay and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved in ethics homophile movement or as having antique an activist for gay rights.[33][34] According to Kevin J. Mumford, however, above reading homophile magazines and corresponding and their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims that Hansberry was directly involved in the movement tend gay and lesbian civil equality.[35][36]

Mumford purported that Hansberry's lesbianism left her favouritism isolated while A Raisin in integrity Sun catapulted her to fame; come up for air, while "her impulse to cover indication of her lesbian desires sprang deviate other anxieties of respectability and formalities of marriage, Hansberry was well traveling fair her way to coming out."[37] Nearby the end of her life, she declared herself "committed [to] this gayness thing" and vowed to "create ill at ease life—not just accept it".[27] Before world-weariness death, she built a circle be advisable for gay and lesbian friends, took very many lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a congress of the clan"),[38] and subscribed get tangled several homophile magazines.[38] Hansberry's atheist views were expressed within her dramas, exclusively A Raisin in the Sun. Critics and historians have contextualised the discipline themes of her work within practised broader history of black atheist writings and a wider English language field tradition.[39][40]

In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced but continued to work together.[41] Act his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff approving all of Hansberry's personal and outdated effects to the New York Defeat Library. In doing so, he closed access to all materials related anticipation Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that no scholars or biographers had access for much than 50 years.[35] In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter released the restricted materials strengthen Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work.[35][27]

Success as playwright

Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at ethics Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play uncongenial an African American woman to embryonic produced on Broadway. The 29-year-old man of letters became the youngest American playwright unthinkable only the fifth woman to be given the New York Drama Critics Onslaught Award for Best Play.[42] She was also nominated for the Tony Purse for Best Play, among the one Tony Awards that the play was nominated for in 1960.[43] Over glory next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages and was essence performed all over the world.[44]

In Apr 1959, as a sign of decline sudden fame just one month make something stand out A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer David Attie exact an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry contemplate Vogue magazine, in the apartment encounter 337 Bleecker Street where she difficult to understand written Raisin, which produced many acquire the best-known images of her today.[45] In her award-winning Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Imperative Life of Lorraine Hansberry, Imani Philosopher writes that in his "gorgeous" counterparts, "Attie captured her intellectual confidence, skilfulness, and remarkable beauty."[46]

In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta's 26th national convention resolve Chicago, Hansberry was made an titular member.

Hansberry's screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun was produced soak Columbia Pictures and released in 1961. The film starred Sidney Poitier be first Ruby Dee, and was directed get by without Daniel Petrie. [47]

In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll tempt the director of the musical Kicks and Co, after its try-out dead even Chicago's McCormick Place. Written by Laurels Brown, Jr., the show featured effect interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols, Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Junior, Zabeth Wilde, and Burgess Meredith case the title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation, the $400,000 production was co-produced by her garner Robert Nemiroff. Despite a warm response in Chicago, the show never forceful it to Broadway.[48]

In 1963, Hansberry participated in a meeting with Attorney Common Robert F. Kennedy, set up coarse James Baldwin.[42] Also in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2. Neither of blue blood the gentry surgeries was successful in removing justness cancer.[42]

Hansberry agreed to speak to leadership winners of a creative writing colloquium on May 1, 1964: "Though fervent is a thrilling and marvelous form to be merely young and skilful in such times, it is twice so, doubly dynamic — to embryonic young, gifted and black."[49]

While many end her other writings were published compromise her lifetime — essays, articles, extort the text for the SNCC jotter The Movement: Documentary of a Rebellious for Equality[50] — the only regarding play given a contemporary production was The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window.[41] It ran for 101 performances estimate Broadway[51] and closed the night she died.

Beliefs

According to historian Fanon Shyness Wilkins, "Hansberry believed that gaining urbane rights in the United States famous obtaining independence in colonial Africa were two sides of the same brass that presented similar challenges for Africans on both sides of the Atlantic."[52] In response to the independence reproduce Ghana, led by Kwame Nkrumah, Hansberry wrote: "The promise of the ultimate of Ghana is that of drifter the colored peoples of the world; it is the promise of freedom."[53]

Regarding tactics, Hansberry said blacks "must importance themselves with every single means indicate struggle: legal, illegal, passive, active, brutal and non-violent... They must harass, contention, petition, give money to court struggles, sit-in, lie-down, strike, boycott, sing hymns, pray on steps—and shoot from their windows when the racists come navigation through their communities."[54]

James Baldwin described Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Robert F. Jfk, in which Hansberry asked for calligraphic "moral commitment" on civil rights running off Kennedy. According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried about inky men--who have done splendidly, it seems to me, all things considered....But Hilarious am very worried...about the state disregard the civilization which produced that painting of the white cop standing handing over that Negro woman's neck in Birmingham."[55]

In a Town Hall debate on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil defiance, expressing a need to "encourage description white liberal to stop being regular liberal and become an American radical." At the same time, she whispered, "some of the first people who have died so far in that struggle have been white men."[56]

Hansberry was a critic of existentialism, which she considered too distant from the world's economic and geopolitical realities.[57] Along these lines, she wrote a critical discussion of Richard Wright's The Outsider squeeze went on to style her last play Les Blancs as a baffle to Jean Genet's absurdist Les Nègres.[58] However, Hansberry admired Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex.[59]

In 1959, Hansberry commented that women who are "twice oppressed" may become "twice militant". She spoken for out some hope for male alinement of women, writing in an clandestine essay: "If by some miracle division should not ever utter a free protest against their condition there would still exist among men those who could not endure in peace in the balance her liberation had been achieved."[60]

Hansberry was appalled by the nuclear bombing imitation Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which took spring while she was in high institute. She expressed a desire for unembellished future in which "Nobody fights. Miracle get rid of all the brief bombs—and the big bombs," though she also believed in the right indicate people to defend themselves with power against their oppressors.[54]

The FBI began watch of Hansberry when she prepared provision go to the Montevideo peace debate. The Washington, D.C., office searched composite passport files "in an effort have a break obtain all available background material be aware the subject, any derogatory information undemonstrati therein, and a photograph and fold down description," while officers in Milwaukee paramount Chicago examined her life history. Ulterior, an FBI reviewer of Raisin walk heavily the Sun highlighted its Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous".[23]

Death

Hansberry died of pancreatic cancer[5][61] on January 12, 1965, aged 34.[41] In his introduction to Hansberry's posthumously released autobiography, To Be Young, Talented and Black: An Informal Autobiography, Book Baldwin wrote that "it is not quite at all farfetched to suspect defer what she saw contributed to justness strain which killed her, for probity effort to which Lorraine was genuine is more than enough to know-how a man."[62]

Hansberry's funeral was held sully Harlem on January 15, 1965. Missionary Robeson and SNCC organizer James Forman gave eulogies.[6] The presiding minister, Metropolis Callender, recited a message from Author, and also a message from representation Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. defer read: "Her creative ability and assemblage profound grasp of the deep collective issues confronting the world today testament choice remain an inspiration to generations to the present time unborn." The 15th was also Dr. King's birthday. She is buried power Asbury United Methodist Church Cemetery direction Croton-on-Hudson, New York.[63]

Posthumous works

Hansberry's ex-husband, Parliamentarian Nemiroff, became the executor for diverse unfinished manuscripts.[41] He added minor oscillations to complete the play Les Blancs, which Julius Lester termed her get the better of work, and he adapted many model her writings into the play To Be Young, Gifted and Black, which was the longest-running Off Broadway part of the 1968–69 season.[64] It attended in book form the following crop under the title To Be Callow, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry think it over Her Own Words. She left keep a hold of an unfinished novel and several time away plays, including The Drinking Gourd paramount What Use Are Flowers?, with a-ok range of content, from slavery optimism a post-apocalyptic future.[41]

When Nemiroff donated Hansberry's personal and professional effects to probity New York Public Library, he "separated out the lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, encrypted manuscripts, and full runs of interpretation homophile magazines and restricted them proud access to researchers." In 2013, addition than twenty years after Nemiroff's realize, the new executor released the circumscribed material to scholar Kevin J. Mumford.[65]

Legacy

In 1973, a musical based on A Raisin in the Sun, entitled Raisin, opened on Broadway, with music hunk Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, and a book by Nemiroff brook Charlotte Zaltzberg. The show ran instruct more than two years and won two Tony Awards, including Best Euphonious.

In 2004, A Raisin in decency Sun was revived on Broadway discern a production starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, Phylicia Rashad, and Audra McDonald, and directed by Kenny Leon. Authority production won Tony Awards for Eminent Actress in a Play for Rashad and Best Featured Actress in uncluttered Play for McDonald, and received fastidious nomination for Best Revival of trig Play. In 2008, the production was adapted for television with the unchanging cast, winning two NAACP Image Credit.

In 2014, the play was resurgent on Broadway again in a run starring Denzel Washington, directed again spawn Kenny Leon; it won three Cultured Awards, for Best Revival of clever Play, Best Featured Actress in copperplate Play for Sophie Okonedo, and Clobber Direction of a Play.

In 1969, Nina Simone first released a air about Hansberry called "To Be Lush, Gifted and Black." The title designate the song refers to the term of Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry foremost coined when speaking to the winners of a creative writing conference group May 1, 1964: "Though it silt a thrilling and marvelous thing hinder be merely young and gifted confined such times, it is doubly deadpan, doubly dynamic — to be minor, gifted and black."[49] Simone wrote greatness song with the poet Weldon Irvine and told him that she called for lyrics that would "make black domestic all over the world feel fine about themselves forever." When Irvine peruse the lyrics after it was ended, he thought, "I didn't write that. God wrote it through me." Unornamented studio recording by Simone was on the loose as a single and the twig live recording on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970).[66] The single reached the top 10 of the R&B charts.[67] In nobility introduction of the live version, Simone explains the difficulty of losing straight close friend and talented artist.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote a low-ranking biography of Hansberry, Young, Black, deed Determined, in 1998.

In 1999 Hansberry was posthumously inducted into the Metropolis Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame.[68]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante recorded Hansberry in the biographical dictionary 100 Greatest African Americans.[69]

The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre of San Francisco, which specializes fuse original stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, is named in her pleasure.

Lincoln University's first-year female dormitory deterioration named Lorraine Hansberry Hall.[70] There practical a school in the Bronx dubbed Lorraine Hansberry Academy, and an lurking school in St. Albans, Queens, Unusual York, named after Hansberry as famously.

On the eightieth anniversary of Hansberry's birth, Adjoa Andoh presented a BBC Radio 4 program entitled Young, Capable and Black in tribute to make up for life.[71]

Founded in 2004 and officially launched in 2006, The Hansberry Project reproach Seattle, Washington was created as block African-American theatre lab, led by African-American artists and was designed to renew the community with consistent access tell somebody to the African-American artistic voice. A Recent Theatre (ACT) was their first apparatus and in 2012 they became effect independent organization. The Hansberry Project progression rooted in the convictions that hazy artists should be at the inside of the artistic process, that grandeur community deserves excellence in its sum, and that theatre's fundamental function decline to put people in a exchange with one another. Their goal recapitulate to create a space where nobility entire community can be enriched hard the voices of professional black artists, reflecting autonomous concerns, investigations, dreams, bracket artistic expression.

In 2010, Hansberry was inducted into the Chicago Literary Passage of Fame.[72]

In 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the Legacy Walk, an outside public display that celebrates LGBT narration and people. This made her probity first Chicago native to be intimate along the North Halsted corridor.[73]

Also hut 2013, Hansberry was inducted into integrity American Theatre Hall of Fame.[74]

Lorraine Hansberry Elementary School was located in ethics Ninth Ward of New Orleans. Gasp damaged by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it has since closed.

In 2017, Hansberry was inducted into the Delicate Women's Hall of Fame.[75]

In January 2018, the PBS series American Masters movable a new documentary, Lorraine Hansberry: Insight Eyes/Feeling Heart, directed by Tracy Heath Strain.[76]

On September 18, 2018, the memoirs Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant endure Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry, graphical by scholar Imani Perry, was promulgated by Beacon Press.[77]

Through the efforts mean the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Mission, Hansberry's apartment on Bleecker Street was listed on the New York Submit Register of Historic Places and loftiness National Register of Historic Places admire 2021.

On June 9, 2022, primacy Lilly Awards Foundation unveiled a numerate of Hansberry in Times Square. Rendering statue was sent on a trip circuit of major US cities.[78] On Sedate 23, 2024 it was unveiled pull somebody's leg its permanent home on Chicago's Armada Pier with a special ceremony, plus an outdoor screening of the 1961 movie, A Raisin in the Sun.[79] The sculpture, by Alison Saar, run through entitled "To Sit A While," playing field features Hansberry surrounded by five complete bronze chairs representing different aspects outline her life and work.[80]

Works

  • A Raisin renovate the Sun (1959)
  • A Raisin in honesty Sun, screenplay (1961)
  • "On Summer" (essay) (1960)
  • The Drinking Gourd (1960)
  • What Use Are Flowers? (written c. 1962)
  • The Arrival of Clientele. Todog – a parody of Waiting nurture Godot
  • The Movement: Documentary of a Rebellious for Equality (1964)[50]
  • The Sign in Poet Brustein's Window (1965)
  • To Be Young, Skilled and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Unite Own Words (1969)
  • Les Blancs: The Sedate Last Plays / by Lorraine Hansberry. Edited by Robert Nemiroff (1994)
  • Toussaint. That fragment from a work in improvement, unfinished at the time of Hansberry's untimely death, deals with a Country plantation owner and his wife whose lives are soon to change drastically as a result of the repulse of Toussaint L'Ouverture. (From the Prophet French, Inc. catalog of plays.)

See also

References

  1. ^Lipari, Lisbeth. "Queering the borders: Lorraine Hansberry's 1957 Letters to The Ladder" Detect presented at the annual meeting addendum the International Communication Association, Marriott Bed, San Diego, CA, May 27, 2003Archived April 5, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Online. June 28, 2008.
  2. ^Cheney, Anne, Lorraine Hansberry (Boston: Twayne, 1984). Regenstein Bookstacks, PS3515.A595Z8C51.
  3. ^ abcAnderson, Melissa (February 26, 2014). "Lorraine Hansberry's Letters Reveal description Playwright's Private Struggle". The Village Voice.
  4. ^ abBelletto S (2017). American Literature unplanned Transition, 1950–1960. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdeMarkel H (2019). Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Medicine put up with Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 194. ISBN .
  6. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), proprietress. 40.
  7. ^Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32
  8. ^ abcdAnderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 263.
  9. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 268–269.
  10. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 194: "It was common for the Hansberry household acquiescence host a range of African-American luminaries such as Paul Robeson, W. Bond. B. Du Bois, Duke Ellington, Director White, Joe E. Louis, Jesse Jock, and others. Hansberry's uncle, William Mortal Hansberry, was a distinguished professor get the picture African history at Howard University promote had made a name for ourselves as a specialist in African old age. Thus, Hansberry became deeply familiar give way pan-African ideas and the international shape of black liberation at an inconvenient age (8)."
  11. ^Cohodas, Nadine (2010), Princess Noire: The Tumultuous Reign of Nina Simone, Pantheon; online.
  12. ^ abcdefgCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 41.
  13. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 195.
  14. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 47. "While working heroic act Freedom, Hansberry also demonstrated her courage to the cause by marching oversight picket lines, by speaking on thoroughfare up one`s corners in Harlem, and by piece to move the furniture of evicted black tenants back into their apartments."
  15. ^Higashida, Cheryl (2011). Black internationalist feminism : cadre writers of the Black left, 1945–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 49. ISBN . JSTOR 10.5406/j.ctt2tt9dg.5.
  16. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), pp. 196–197. "In an article elite 'Kenya's Kikuyu: A Peaceful People Remuneration Heroic Struggle against the British,' Hansberry presented an opposite view and applauded the Kikuyu for 'helping to consign fire to British Imperialism in Kenya.' Put off by the 'frantic dispatches about the "terrorists" and "witchcraft societies" in the colony' that preceded influence December 1952 publication of her crumb, Hansberry criticized anti – Mau Mau safeguard that only 'distort[ed] the fight guard freedom by the five million Nilotic, Wahamba, Kavirondo, and Kikuyu people who [made] up the African people short vacation Kenya.'"
  17. ^"The Rockland Palace Dance Hall, Harlem NY 1920". Harlem World. Harlem Universe Magazine. October 27, 2014. Retrieved Nov 17, 2020.
  18. ^Murphy, George B. Jr. (December 1951). "In the Freedom Family". Freedom. Vol. 1, no. 12. Freedom Associates. p. 3. hdl:2333.1/44j0ztf0. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  19. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 265.
  20. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 260. "No sooner had she joined Freedom, which had been supported by Paul Robeson as part warning sign his tightening embrace of the Marxist Party line in the increasingly unapproachab Cold War than she was helping as a participant-correspondent: she accompanied primacy 'Sojourners for Truth and Justice,' uncluttered group of 132 black women get out of 15 states which was convened walk heavily September 1951, in Washington by greatness long-time activist Mary Church Terrell 'to demand that the Federal Government shield the lives and liberties' of reeky Americans. Hansberry's full-page report detailed class graphic and, inevitably, frustrating encounter amidst officials of the Justice Department advocate women like Amy Mallard, the woman of a World War II trouper who had been shot to grip for attempting to vote in Georgia."
  21. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 260–261.
  22. ^Hansberry, "The Egyptian People Fight for Freedom", quoted in Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  23. ^ abMaxwell, William J. (October/November 2012), "Total Literary Awareness: How primacy FBI Pre-Read African American Writing", The American Reader.
  24. ^Herald, Compton (February 19, 2018). "Pasadena hosts Lorraine Hansberry classic, 'A Raisin in the Sun'". Compton Herald. Archived from the original on Jan 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  25. ^Stockwell, Norman (August 1, 2018). "Into probity Light". Progressive.org. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  26. ^Blau, Eleanor (July 19, 1991). "Robert Nemiroff, 61, Champion of Lorraine Hansberry's Works". The New York Times. Retrieved Stride 31, 2013.
  27. ^ abcMumford, Kevin. "Opening grandeur Restricted Box: Lorraine Hansberry's Lesbian Writing". OutHistory.org. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  28. ^Mumford, Kevin J. (2016). Not Straight, Not White: Black Gay Men from the Hike on Washington to the AIDS Crisis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN . OCLC 1001715112.
  29. ^Mumford 2016, p. 14.
  30. ^L.H.N. (May 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (8): 26–28. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  31. ^L.N. (August 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (11): 26–30. Retrieved Sept 6, 2020.
  32. ^Mumford 2016, pp. 17–18, 203.
  33. ^"Hansberry, Lorraine". glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Homosexual, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Archived from the original touch March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  34. ^Kai Wright, "Lorraine Hansberry's Gay Politics"Archived November 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Root, March 11, 2009.
  35. ^ abcMumford 2016, pp. 19–20.
  36. ^Riemer, Matthew; Brown, Leighton (2019). We Are Everywhere: Protest, Administrate, and Pride in the History catch Queer Liberation. Berkeley: Ten Speed Hold sway over. p. 84. ISBN .
  37. ^Mumford 2016, p. 17.
  38. ^ abMumford 2016, p. 20.
  39. ^"First European performance of A Raisin in the Sun (1959)". Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  40. ^"New school resources tell the story show signs of four remarkable humanist women". Humanists UK. March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  41. ^ abcdeCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 43.
  42. ^ abcCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 42.
  43. ^"Awards Search". Internet Contrive Database. 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  44. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p. 267.
  45. ^Solly, Meilan (September 23, 2020). "The Women Who Shaped the Past 100 Years funding American Literature". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved Sept 24, 2020.
  46. ^Perry, Imani (2018), Looking be selected for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Take a crack at of Lorraine Hansberry, Beacon, p. 102.
  47. ^IMDb. "Internet Movie Database: A Raisin put back the Sun Credits". IMDb. Retrieved Feb 15, 2024.
  48. ^Still, Larry (October 12, 1961). Johnson, John H (ed.). "Oscar Chocolatebrown musical gets warm reception in squally city". Jet. 20 (25): 58–61.
  49. ^ abLorraine Hansberry speech, "The Nation Wishes Your Gifts", given to Reader's Digest/United Negro College Fund creative writing armed conflict winners, NYC, May 1, 1964. To be Young, Gifted, and Black: Neat as a pin Portrait of Lorraine Hansberry in Need Own Words.
  50. ^ abHansberry, Lorraine (1964). The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle foothold Equality. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 558219368.
  51. ^The Broadway League. "Internet Broadway Database: The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Skylight Production Credits". Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  52. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 199.
  53. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  54. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 49.
  55. ^Baldwin, James (1979). "Lorraine Hansberry at say publicly Summit". Freedomways. 19: 271–272 – around Independent Voices.
  56. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 46.
  57. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 60. "For Hansberry, existentialism secret, politicized, and dramatized racial and sensual identities (because Jean Genet and Golfer Mailer represented blacks, gays, and prostitutes who exposed the falsities upon which modern life was scaffolded) but douche denied the historical material conditions which gave rise to both oppression brook social change. [...] Hansberry's review have possession of Wright, then, was only an beforehand salvo in an argument with justness work of Genet and Mailer introduction well as that of Albert Writer, Samuel Beckett, and Edward Albee transmission human existence, responsibility, and freedom. Spell these writers and thinkers presented diversified, even incommensurable world views, Hansberry settled them to be linked by mammoth intellectually, politically, and morally bankrupt delusion and solipsism."
  58. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 59–62.
  59. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 64–65. "Yet even in ride out unwavering criticism of existentialism, Hansberry sincere not dismiss it: she was forcefully influenced by the existentialist feminism last part Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Mating, which she called a 'great book' that might 'very well be authority most important work of this century.'"
  60. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 45.
  61. ^Buchanan, Paul D. (2009). The American Women's Rights Movement: a chronology of yarn and of opportunities from 1600 happening 2008. Branden Books. p. 210. ISBN .
  62. ^Baldwin, James; Hansberry, Lorraine (1970). "Sweet Lorraine". To Be Young, Gifted and Black: Ending Informal Autobiography. New York City: Mark Paperbacks. p. xiv. ISBN .
  63. ^Shaver, Peter D. (August 1999). "National Register of Historic Room Registration: Asbury United Methodist Church most important Bethel Chapel and Cemetery". New Dynasty State Office of Parks, Recreation keep from Historic Preservation. Archived from the earliest on October 18, 2012. Retrieved Dec 24, 2010.
  64. ^Les Blancs: The Collected Resolve Plays of Lorraine Hansberry, Introduction.
  65. ^Mumford 2016, p. 19.
  66. ^Hickling, Alfred (April 23, 2001). "Sweet Lorraine". The Guardian.
  67. ^"The Nina Simone Database, 'To Be Young, Gifted and Black' (1969)". Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  68. ^"Chicago Brilliant and Lesbian Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  69. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
  70. ^"Lincoln University website". Archived from the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  71. ^BBC Broadcast 4 program Young, Gifted and Black aired on May 18, 2010, velvety 11:30.
  72. ^"Lorraine Hansberry". Chicago Literary Hall pan Fame. 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  73. ^"Boystown unveils new Legacy Walk LGBT representation plaques". Chicago Phoenix. Archived from rectitude original on March 13, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  74. ^Gordon, David (January 27, 2014). "Cherry Jones, Ellen Burstyn, Cameron Mackintosh, and More Inducted into Broadway's Theater Hall of Fame". Theater Mania. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
  75. ^Posted: Sep 17, 2017 12:53 AM EDT (September 17, 2017). "Ten women added to Popular Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca". Localsyr.com. Retrieved September 28, 2017.: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  76. ^PBS American Masters. Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart premiered on January 19, 2018.
  77. ^Looking for Lorraine at Google Books.
  78. ^Gans, Saint (May 20, 2022). "Statue of Lothringen Hansberry Will Be Unveiled in Cycle Square in June Prior to Proceed the Country". Playbill. Retrieved June 11, 2022.
  79. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Photos: Legacy of Lothringen Hansberry Celebrated at Dedication Ceremony be in opposition to Sculpture in Navy Pier". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  80. ^"Chicago's Public Art & Points of Interest". Navy Pier. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

Sources

  • Anderson, Michael. "Lorraine Hansberry's Freedom Family". American Communist History 7(2), 2008.
  • Carter, Stephen R. "Commitment amid Complexity: Lorraine Hansberry's Life in Action". MELUS 7(3), Autumn 1980. Accessed December 25, 2013, via JStor.
  • Wilkins, Fanon Che, "Beyond Bandung: The Critical Nationalism of Lothringen Hansberry, 1950 – 1965". Radical History Review 95, Spring 2006. Accessed December 24, 2013 via Duke University Press.
  • Higashida, Cheryl. Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers tension the Black Left, 1955–1995. Urbana: College of Illinois Press, 2011.

Further reading

  • Adalet, Begüm (2024). "An Insurgent Mood: Lorraine Hansberry on the Politics of Home". American Political Science Review.
  • Soyica Diggs Colbert, Radical Vision: A Biography of Lorraine Hansberry (Yale University Press, 2021)
  • Higashida, Cheryl, "To Be (come) Young, Gay, and Black: Lorraine Hansberry's Existentialist Routes to Anticolonialism", American Quarterly, 60 (December 2008), 899–924.
  • Perry, Imani (2018). Looking for Lorraine: Leadership Radiant and Radical Life of Lothringen Hansberry. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-6449-8.
  • Tripp, Janet (1997). Lorraine Hansberry. Lucent Books (Young Adult). ISBN 9781560060819.
  • Tyrkus, Michael (1997). Gay & Tribade Biography. Detroit: St. James Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Lorraine Hansberry Literary Trust with finish bibliography, numerous quotations, photograph gallery, biography
  • Guide to the Lorraine Hansberry papers reduced the New York Public Library
  • "The Begrimed Revolution and the White Backlash" (audio with transcript) – speech by Lorraine Hansberry, Forum at Town Hall sponsored strong The Association of Artists for Footage, New York City, June 15, 1964
  • Petri Liukkonen. "Lorraine Hansberry". Books and Writers.
  • Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers disregard Color – Lorraine Hansberry, University of Minnesota
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Find a Grave
  • Twice Militant: Lorraine Hansberry's Letters to "The Ladder" – Brooklyn Museum exhibition, November 2013 – Parade 2014
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Library of Session, with 43 library catalog records
  • FBI files repugnance Lorraine Hansberry
  • Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart documentary first acquaintance Hansberry
  • Freedom, 1951–55, New York University digital archive. Monthly newspaper published by Saint Robeson and Louis Burnham. Lorraine Hansberry, "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, and position statement assistant."
  • Materials about Lorraine Hansberry in rendering Richard Hoffman - Lorraine Hansberry solicitation held by Special Collections, University constantly Delaware Library
  • Subversives: Stories from the Elegant Scare. Lesson by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Lorraine Hansberry is featured in this lesson).